iiiillililiiliiil"l«l^llili 


iiid!iiiiit>iiJi:'Pi(W:i': 


HISTORY 


A 
A 

0  : 

0  j 

0! 
91 

1  \ 
7  I 

5  i 

21 
3  I 


READ 


i^ 


^0 


'?■ 


^  "^ 


v>      r 


Popular     Elementary 
History  of  New  Mexico 


Archbishop's  House 
Santa  Fi;,  N.  M.,  November  7,  1912. 
Hon.  B.  M.  Read. 

Santa  Fe,  Now  Mexico. 
My  dear  Mr.  Head:  I  liave  looked  over  the  MS.  of  your  "  Eloiiieiitary 
History  of  New  Mexieo"  which  yon  have  i)repareil  for  the  use  of  sciiools  in 
tliis  state,  and  I'  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  I  am  well  impressed  with  the 
way  you  have  endeavored  to  make  your  history  simple  enough  to  l>e  yrasped 
by  the  youthful  niiiul  and  at  the  same  time  cover  the  important  events  as- 
sociated witli  New   Mexico. 

I  regard  it  as  most  important  for  the  youth  of  our  land  to  stud}'  the 
history  of  New  Mexico  and  become  thoroughly  ac<|iiiiinted  with  the  deeds  of 
valor  and  tlie  great  faith  of  the  heroes  who  first  visited  this  country  of  ours. 
I  note  with  pleasure  the  many  illustrations  you  have  iirranged  to  illu- 
mine the  work  and  also  the  review  ((uestions  at  the  end  of  each  lesson — 
both  admirable  features — to  arouse  the  interest  and  stir  the  enthusiasm  of 
the  pupil. 

I  wish  yon  great  success  with  this  elementary  history  which  you  have  pre- 
pared with  such  labor  and  patience. 

Very  sincerely  yours,  f  J.  B.  Pitaval, 

Archbishop  of  Santa  Fe. 

(From    Professor   .T.    A.    Wood,   Principal    for   mauv    vears   of    Santa   Fe's 

Public   Schools) 

Saxta  Fe,  N.   M.,  November   IS,   1912. 
Mr.  Benjamix  M.  Reap, 

Santa  Fe.  N.  M. 

My  dear  Mr.  Head:  Having  spent  several  days  in  critically  reading  your 
type-written  manuscript  for  a  school  history  of  New  Mexico,  I  desire  to 
report  a  few  thoughts  concerning  your  work: 

1st.  Great  care  has  been  taken  to  give  clearness  of  expression  and  sim- 
plicity of  diction  to  be  readily  understood  by  old  and  young. 

2nd.  It  is  evident  all  along  that  great  care  has  been  used  in  setting  forth 
the  leading  facts  just  as  they  occurred  without  any  embellishments  of  the 
imagination  or  any  etfort  to  cater  to  popular  sentiment. 

3rd.  It  is  evident  all  through  that  original,  reliable  sources  have  l)een 
sought  and  carefully  sifted  to  set  forth  such  connected  facts  as  to  make  the 
history  intensely  interesting  and  instructive. 

4h.  I  freely  recommend  it  to  students  in  school  or  college,  to  teachers 
and  readers  of  history  everywhere,  believing  that  those  who  give  this  work 
a  careful  study  will  appreciate  more  and  more  the  comforts  and  blessings 
vouchsafed  unto  them  by  the  hardships  endured  and  great  labors  put  forth 
by  those  who  took  possession  of  this  land  centuries  ago. 

A'ery  sincerely,  J.  A.  Wood. 

(From  Brother  H.  Edward.  President  of  St.  Michael's  College) 

St.  Michael's  College,  Christian  Brothers 
Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  November  23,  1912. 
Mr.  B.  M.  Read, 
City. 
My  dear  Mr.  Bead:     I  have  examined  your  work  entitled  "Elementary 
History  of  New  Mexico,"  have  admired  your  painstaking  efforts,  and  am 
pleased  to  say  that  you  have  given  another  proof  to  the  jieople  of  New  Mex- 
ico of  your  straightforward  way  of  telling  the  truth,  and  in  your  ])resent  at- 
tempt you  have  made  history  accessible  to  all.  o'd  and  young.     This  latest 
work  from  your  gifted  pen,  I  hope,  will  stand  as  your  monument  and  be  of 
lasting  interest  to   many  generations  yet  to  be. 

Yours  very  sincerely. 

Brother  H.   Edward. 


\9^^ -*'-<f'  rv 


^^ra?' 


CAPTAIN    GASPAR    DE    VILLAGRA 

Co-conqueror    of    Oiiate,    1598,    and    first    historian    of    New 

Mexico.     His  HMoria  de   la  Nueva  Mexico   was  published   in 

Spain  in  the  year  1610 


Popular    Elementary 
History  of  New  Mexico 


PREPARED  BY 

BENJAMIN  M.   READ        ^^^^l^L^ 

Author  of  ' '  (Juerra  JMexico-Americana ' '  '^     -     -p     -^- 

"  Historia   Ihistrada    de  Xuevo   Mexico"      'tA     "^    0 
"History  of  Education   in  New  Mexico" 
' '  Illustrated  History  of  New  Mexico  ' ' 
"Digest  of  Docunientos  Tneditos  del  Archive  de  las  Indias" 
' '  Heruan  Cortes   and   his   C'onf|uest  of  Mexico ' ' 
And  other  works 


^ 


SANTA  FE  NEW  MEXICO 
BENJAMIN  M.  READ 
NINETEEN    FOURTEEN 


J^^hfJ 


Copyright    li»14    by 
Benjamin   M.   Kead 


7IiS 


THE  TORCH    PRESS 

CEDAR    RAPIDS 

IOWA 


PREFACE 

My  chief  purpose  in  the  preparation  of  this  brief  pop- 
ular history  has  been  to  enable  the  poor  and  the  children 
of  our  State,  especially  those  who  are  the  descendants  of 
the  first  explorers  and  conquerors,  to  partake  of  the 
interest  and  enthusiasm  one  experiences  when  reading 
of  the  marvelous  deeds,  the  wonderful  foresight,  the  peer- 
less valor,  and  the  sublime  faith  of  the  men  who  first 
visited,  conquered,  settled,  and  christianized  this  land  of 
ours. 

No  other  State  in  the  American  Union  has  so  romantic 
a  history  as  has  New  Mexico.  Yet  this  is  the  only  State 
in  the  American  sisterhood  of  states  where  her  children 
have  been  made  to  learn  all  about  the  history  of  every 
other  part  of  the  world,  but  have  learned  nothing  reliable, 
nothing  accurate,  about  their  own  history ;  and  what  little 
has  been  taught  in  the  schools  of  the  country  about  New 
Mexico  is  so  inaccurate  that  it  would  have  been  better 
to  have  said  nothing  about  our  State  history  than  to  have 
published  inexcusable  errors.  Responsible  writers  and 
publishers  have  been,  and  still  are,  unintentionally  prop- 
agating such  errors  in  their  school  and  popular  histories. 

To  illustrate,  Barnes's  Brief  History  of  the  United 
States  (p.  29),  writing  of  the  discovery  and  naming  of 
New  Mexico  and  the  founding  of  Santa  Fe,  makes  the 
statement  that  *'New  Mexico  was  explored  and  named 
by  Espejo  (es  pa  ho)   who  (1582)  founded  Santa  Fe." 


8  NEW  MEXICAN  HISTORY 

Espejo  did  not  give  New  Mexico  ita  iianic,  neither  did  he 
found  the  City  of  Santa  Fe.  ''Nueva  Andahicia"  is  the 
name  given  by  Espejo  to  what  is  now  New  Mexico,  and 
Santa  Fe  was  founded  by  Onate  on  or  about  1606-7,  twen- 
ty-four years  after  Espejo 's  entry. 

Such  stories  as  tliat  are  also  found  in  all  other  former 
school  histories,  thus  imparting-  to  our  youth  incorrect  in- 
formation regarding  a  study  which,  next  to  the  general 
history  of  our  country,  is  the  most  important  to  them. 

The  facts  narrated  in  this  small  school  history  are  ab- 
solutely correct.  Thej'  are  taken  from  my  Illustrated 
History  of  Neiv  Mexico,  which  is  based  upon  the  officially 
authenticated  reports  of  the  actors  themselves  as  official- 
ly published  in  Spain,  and  upon  exact  authority  regarding 
the  events  not  connected  with  the  discovery  and  conquest 
of  New  Mexico.  Consequently,  the  student  who  reads 
this  little  book  can  truthfully  say  that  he  is  learning  the 
history  of  our  State  from  the  most  reliable  sources. 

New  Mexico  has  been  under  three  different  govern- 
ments, to-wit,  under  the  Spanish  government  from  1539 
(date  of  first  entry  by  Niza)  to  1821.  From  1821  to  1846 
under  the  Mexican  government,  and  since  1846  under  the 
American  government,  its  history  thus  naturally  dividing 
into  three  distinct  epochs  under  the  three  governments. 
These  three  epochs  were  preceded  by  the  pre-historic  one, 
ihe  coming  to  this  continent  of  the  first  inhabitants,  the 
Indians.  This  explanation  is  made  as  a  guide  to  the  four 
divisions  in  which  this  brief  history  has  been  prepared, 
each  division  corresponding  to  an  epoch. 

These  divisions  have  been  sub-divided  in  numbered 
paragraphs,  and  at  the  end  of  the  book  will  be  found  the 
corresponding  numbered  questions. 


PREFACF:  9 

Tlio  illiistratioiis  have  been  selected  with  the  view  of 
impressing' upon  the  student's  mind  tlie  nieanin.g- and  im- 
portance of  the  historical  events  narrate(l. 

After  learning  the  wonderful  history  of  our  State,  it 
is  to  be  hoped  that  the  students  of  New  Mexico  and  the 
Spanish-American  children  in  particular,  will  realize  and 
appreciate  its  importance,  and  that  this  knowledge  will 
assist  in  developing  that  patriotism  which  is  essential  to 
the  well-being  of  every  State  and  Nation. 

Bexjamin  M.  Read 
Santa  Fe,N.M.,  1914 


CONTENTS 


Pre-historic   Epoch 
Chapter        I 

Spanish  Regime,  1539-1821 


Chapter 

II 

Chapter 

III 

Chapter 

IV 

Chapter 

V 

Chapter 

VI 

Chapter 

VII 

Chapter 

VIII 

Chapter 

IX 

Chapter 

X 

Chapter 

XI 

Chapter 

XII 

Mexican  Rule,  1821-1846 
Chapter  XIII 
Chapter  XIV 

American  Occupation 
Chapter  XV 
Chapter  XVI 
Chapter  XVII 
Chapter  XVIII 
Chapter     XIX 


Chapter 
Chapter 
Chapter 


XX 
XXI 

XXII 


Review  Questions 
Appendix  . 
Index 


15 
15 

22 
22 
27 

31 
42 
49 
56 
60 
67 
73 
82 
90 

95 

95 

101 

105 
105 
111 
113 
117 
122 
128 
133 
138 

145 

167 
177 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Captain  Gaspar  dp:  Villagra     ....        fron 
Facsimile  op  Title  Page  of  Villagra 's  Historia  de  la 

Niuva  Mexico     ....... 

Indian  Chief  on  the  War-path      .... 

Church  of  San  Miguel,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M. 

The  Palace  of  the  Governors,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M. 

Indian  Pueblo  op  T.\os 

Most  Rev.  J.  B,  Lamy,  Archbishop  of  Santa  Fe 

Indian  Governor  op  the  Pueblo  of  Tesuque 

Hand  written  Ball(W  for  the  State  Election  held  in 

1850 

Governor  Manuel  Armi.jo,  last  Governor  under  Mexi 

CAN  Authority 

Charles  Bent,  first  Governor  under  the  American 

Government 

LoRETTO  Academy,  first  Pioneer  Educational  Insti 

TUTION,  1853 

Cliff  Dwellers 

College  of  San  Miguel,  second  Pioneer  Educational 

Institution,  1859 

Santa  Fe  in  1860 

University  of  New  Mexico 

New  Mexico  Normal  School,  Silver  City  . 

Santa  Fe  in  1867 

William  C.  McDonald,  first  State  Governor 
Military   Institute         ...... 

New  Mexico  State  School  of  Mines    . 

Institute  for  the  Blind 

Spanish-American  Normal  School 

New  Mexico  Normal  University,  East  Las  Vega^ 

School  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb     .... 

Santa  Fe  in  1912 

Capitol  of  New  Mexico  at  Santa  Fe     . 

Map  of  New  Mexico,  1779 

Map  of  New  Mexico,  1912        ..... 


iispiece 

17 
19 
24 
.  30 
32 
36 
42 

47 

51 

54 

58 
65 

71 

74 

78 

84 

88 

91 

96 

98 

104 

109 

118 

123 

130 

136 

142 

165 


KEY  TO  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  SPANISH 

WORDS 

In  the  Spanish  language  the  vowels  have  one  souiuid  only,  thus: 

a  sounds  like  the  English  a  in  far. 

e  sounds  like  the  English  e  in  thci/. 

i  sounds  like  the  English  double  ce  in  screen. 

o  sounds  like  the  English  o  in  .so. 

u  sounds  like  the  English  double  oo  in  Jiood. 

The  consonants  g  before  e  and  i  have  the  English  sound  of  h,  thus  ge 
and  gi  in  Spanish  sound  as  in  hay  and  liee  in  English. 

The  3  and  x  sound  like  the  English  h  in  have. 

The  double  U  sounds  as  in  our  English  words  miUion,  brilliant. 

The  n  (n  with  a  curved  mark  over  it)  sounds  like  7iy  in  canyon  in  English. 

The  J,  if  used  as  conjunction,  sounds  like  the  double  ee  in  the  English 
words,   see,  deep. 

Spanish  Accent. — All  nouns  ending  in  a  consonant,  as  a  rule,  have  the 
accent  on  the  last  syllable,  thus:     Luis,  Martin. 

Nouns  ending  with  a  vowel  have  the  accent  on  the  penultimate  syllable, 
thus:     abrazada,  Calzada,  etc. 


PRE-HISTORIC  EPOCH 
CHAPTER  I 


1.  America's  First  Inhabitants. — Asia  was  the  cradle  of  the 
human  race,  and  is  separated  from  the  North  American  con- 
tinent by  the  Strait  of  Bering.  Ancient  history  records  prove 
conclusively  how  the  Old  World  (Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa)  was 
first  settled ;  but  regarding  the  coming  of  the  first  man  to  the 
American  continent,  history  and  science  give  us  mere  conjec- 
tures, theories,  and  mystery. 

2.  First  Inhabitants  of  the  Two  Americas. — Columbus  (who 
discovered  America  in  1492)  and  the  other  discoverers  and  con- 
(luerors  of  North  and  South  America,  not  only  found  the  entire 
continent  thickly  populated  by  unknown  races,  each  race  differ- 
ing in  langi^age,  customs,  and  religion,  but,  to  their  surprise, 
they  found  in  Mexico  and  South  America  two  great  semi-civilized 
empires  —  the  Mexican  empire  under  Montezuma,  conquered  by 
Hernan  Cortes  (1521-25),  and  the  Peruvian  empire  under  the 
Incas,  Atahualpa,  and  Huascar,  his  brother,  conciuered  by  Fran- 
cisco Pizarro  (1528-88). 

8.  Mexican  and  Peruvian  Indians. — In  Mexico  and  Peru  the 
Spaniards  found  the  Indians  well  advanced  in  the  sciences  of 
architecture,  mining,  sculpture,  agriculture,  astronomy,  and 
painting. 

II 

4.  First  Discovery  of  American  Indian. — It  was  on  Friday, 
October  12,  1492,  when  Columbus  discovered  an  island  which  he 
named.  San  Salvador.  It  was  here  that  Columbus  first  dis- 
covered the  first  American  Indian.  The  principal  islands  dis- 
covered and  named  by  Columbus  (1492-93)  were  the  Santa 
Maria,  Fernando,  Isabel,  C-uba  (first  named  Juana  by  Colum- 
bus), Puerto  Principe,  Haiti  (named  Espauola  by  Columbus). 
The  main  land  he  discovered  in  August,  1/^98. 


16  HIST(  )KY  OP  NEW  MEXICO 

5.  Origin  of  the  Name  "Indian." — The  inhabitants  thus 
found  by  Columbus  were  by  liim  named  "Indians"  and  the 
newl}^  discovered  land  "India."  Columbus  was  under  the  im- 
pression that  he  had  discovered  the  India  of  Asia,  which  had 
been  the  real  object  of  his  voyage.  These  Indians  were  all 
savages,  had  no  fixed  habitations,  and  differed  from  those  found 
by  Cortes  and  Pizarro  in  Mexico  and  South  America.  They  had 
no  knowledge  of  any  of  the  Jiuman  sciences  excepting  the  science' 
of  agriculture,  for  they  planted  maize  (Indian  corn)  and  beans; 
They  had  no  reli^'ion  and  went  almost  naked. 

6.  Alonso  de  Ojeda. — The  next  European  to  visit  America 
was  Alonso  de  Ojeda  (discoverer  of  Central  America,  1499). 
Ojeda  visited  the  coasts  of  Paria  (Central  America),  where  he 
found  tribes  of  savage  Indians  ignorant  of  all  human  sciences 
but  advanced  enough  to  cultivate  the  land  in  maize,  beans,  and 
other  cereals.  These  Indians  had  no  religion  or  fixed  habita- 
tions. 

Ill 

7.  The  Mexican  Indians. — Francisco  Fernandez  Cordova 
(1517)  and  Juan  de  Grijalva  (1518)  were  the  discoverers  of 
Mexico  (New  Spain).  These  explorers  found  the  Maya,  Tabasco, 
and  other  Indians  semi-civilized,  living  in  villages  and  greatly 
advanced  in  the  knowledge  of  agriculture,  sculpture,  astronomy, 
and  religion.  Cordova,  in  1517,  reached  as  far  as  Yucatan,  and 
Grijalva,  in  1518,  reached  the  province  of  Tabasco. 

8.  Human  Beings  Sacrificed. — These  Indians  worshiped  the 
sun  and  the  moon.  They  offered  the  lives  of  human  beings 
m  sacrifice  to  their  idols,  representing  their  deities,  and  were 
the  subjects  of  Emperor  Montezuma   (called  also  Moctezuma). 

9.  The  Aztecs. — On  the  8th  day  of  November,  1519,  Hernan 
Cortes  with  his  army  and  friendly  Tlascalltecas,  entered  the  City 
of  Tenochtitlan  (Mexico),  and  was  royally  received  by  Em- 
peror Montezuma.  The  unsurpassed  scenery,  the  magnificence 
of  its  temples  and  public  buildings,  excited  the  admiration  of 
the  Spaniards  so  much  that  Cortes  named  it  "The  Venice  of 
America."  Cortes  found  Montezuma  and  his  subjects  much  ad- 
vanced in  the  knowledge  of  the  science  of  government  and  fairly 
vei*sed  in  the  mysteries  of  religion  —  the  sign  of  the  cross,  and 
Christian  communion  of  meal  and  blood  being  the  principal  char- 
acteristics of  their  worship.     Human  sacrifices  were  also  prac- 


PRE-HISTORIC  EPOCH 


17 


ticed,  but  Cortes  soon  stopped  that  practice.     From  Montezuma 
Cortes  learned  that  the  Aztecs,  the  Toltecs,  their  predecessors, 


DF.  LA  N  VEVA 

mexico,delcApita>1 

GASi'AK.  l^C  VIl.r.AGKA. 


•>.  rf^^ 


f'^ 


Ano 


V161O. 


FACSIMILE    OF    THE     TITLE     PAUE    OF    THE    FIRST 
HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

Written    by    Captain    Caspar    de    ViHagra,      one    of    Onate's 
most  distinguished  captains  in  the  conquest  of  New  Mexico, 
1598.      Published  in    Spain  in   1610 

and  the  other  inhabitants  of  the  empire  had  centuries  before 
immigrated  from  the  north,  but  their  origin  was  unknown  to 
them. 


18  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

IV 

10.  The  Incas  and  the  Peruvian  Empire. — When  Pizarro  con- 
quered Peni  (ir)28-3.'3)  lie  found  a  well  established  empire  under 
Atahualpa  and  his  brother  lluasear.  The  Peruvians  had  reached 
the  same  dej^ree  of  civilization  as  had  the  Mexican  Indians;  they 
were  well  advanced  in  the  knowledge  of  government,  arts,  agri- 
culture, architecture,  astronomy,  and  religion. 

11.  Worship  of  the  Peruvians. — The  Peruvians,  like  the 
Mexican  Indians,  worshiped  the  sun,  the  moon,  and  the  elements. 
They  also  offered  human  beings  in  sacrifice  to  their  deities. 
They  weve  thrifty  and  industrious. 

12.  Origin  of  the  Peruvian  Indians. — From  the  traditions  of 
these  Indians  the  Spaniards  learned  that  in  the  beginning  of 
the  twelfth  century  one  Manco  Capac  and  his  sister  and  wdfe. 
Mama  Oclle,  claiming  to  be  children  of  the  sun,  with  a  gi'eat 
number  of  followers,  reached  Peru,  founded  the  empire,  and 
taught  its  people  the  manner  of  cultivating  the  land  as  well  as 
the  arts  and  science  of  architecture,  government,  and  astronomy. 

Such  was  the  condition  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  portion  of  the 
American  continent  discovered  and  conquered  by  the  Spaniards, 
for  the  knowledge  of  which  the  world  is  indebted  to  Fr.  Bar- 
tolome  de  las  Casas  and  to  the  Franciscan,  Augustinian,  Do- 
minican, and  Jesuit  missionaries  who  accompanied  the  discoverers 
and  conquerors,  and  to  whom  the  w^orld  at  large  owes  a  debt  of 
gratitude  for  the  part  they  took  in  christianizing  and  civilizing 
that  portion  of  the  New  World. 


13.  The  Indians  of  North  America. — The  aborigines  of  North 
America  were  found  by  the  first  explorers  in  a  state  of  savagery. 
They  have  been  named  and  known  in 'history  as  "Red  Men  of 
the  Forests."  When  first  discovered,  according  to  a  legend 
which  has  not  the  sanction  of  history,  by  the  Northmen,  in  the 
year  1000,  they  had  not  advanced  in  any  of  the  branches  of 
human  knowledge ;  they  lived  in  wigwams  and  were  always  wan- 
dering from  place  to  place. 

14.  Domestic  Habits  of  the  North  American  Indian. — From 
w^hat  w^e  know  this  Indian  abhorred  labor  and  made  his  squaw 
(wife)  do  all  the  necessary  labor,  such  as  putting  up  his  wigwam, 
procuring  fuel,  and  carrying  the  poles  and  other  trinkets  when 


PREHISTORIC  EPOCH 


19 


traveling.  The  male  Indian  contented  himself  Avith  doing  the 
hunting,  fishing,  and  clearing  the  land  that  the  squaw  might 
plant  the  corn. 


Courtesij  of  J.  C.  Candelario,  Santa  Fe,  N.  M. 
INDIAN   CHIEF   ON  THE   WAR  PATH 

15.  Their  Religion. — The  North  American  Indian  had  not 
the  slightest  idea  of  a  future  life  nor  of  a  Supreme  Being.  His 
paradise  was  his  hunting-ground.  He  had  no  idols,  but  wor- 
shiped the  elements,  birds,  and  all  animals. 


20  JliJSTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

16.  Orig-in  of  the  North  American  Indian. — We  know  nothing 
of  the  origin  ol"  llic  North  Aiiici'ican  Indian.  V'eiy  ancient  ruins 
have  been  found  which  indicate  prehistoric  settlements.  Near 
St.  Louis  great  mounds  exist  which  are  believed  to  have  be^n 
built  by  the  first  inhabitants.  Similar  mounds  exist  in  the  State 
of  Ohio.  Regarding  the  origin  of  these  Indians  even  the  first 
explorers  of  North  America  do  not  give  us  an 3^  plausible  evi- 
dence. These  explorers  are:  Ponce  de  Leon,  Spaniard,  who, 
while  in  quest  of  the  "Fountain  of  perpetual  youth,"  discovered 
Florida  in  1512;  then  the  settlers  of  Jamestown,  Virginia,  under 
Captain  Newport,  in  1607 ;  Samuel  de  Champlain,  founder  of 
Quebec,  in  1608;  and  the  Jesuit,  Father  Jacques  Marquette, 
founder  of  the  mission  of  Saint  Marie,  in  1666,  and  discoverer 
of  the  upper  Mississippi. 

VI 

17.  The  New^  Mexico  Indians.— Alvar  Nunez  Cabeza  de  Vaca, 
Spaniard  (about  whose  wonderful  travels  the  student  will  be  in- 
formed further  on),  was  the  first  white  man  to  cross  the  Amer- 
ican continent,  from  the  coast  of  Florida  to  the  City  of  Mexico 
(1535-36).  It  was  he  who  first  visited  New  Me^xico,  and  ob- 
served the  habits  and  mode  of  living  of  our  Indians,  both  the 
Pueblo  Indians  and  the  nomadic  tribes. 

18.  Cabeza  de  Vaca's  Story. — De  Vaca's  statement  regard- 
ing the  nomadic  tribes  does  not  differ  in  the  least  from  what  has 
been  said  with  respect  to  the  habits  and  manner  of  living  of  the 
North  American  Indian.  Regarding  the  peaceful  Pueblo  In- 
dians of  Nqw  Mexico,  he  informs  us  that  he  found  them  living  in 
large  and  well  built  adobe  villages,  with  houses  several  stories 
high ;  that  they  wore  cotton  and  woolen  clothes  woven  and  made 
by  themselves;  that  they  were  industrious,  liospitable,  and 
thrifty,  well  advanced  in  the  knowledge  of  agriculture,  each 
pueblo  cultivating  large  fields  of  maize  (corn),  beans,  pumpkins, 
and  other  cereals;  that  they  had  sheep,  dogs,  and  chickens,  and 
were  very  fond  of  hunting  and  fishing;  that  they  believed  in  a 
future  life  and  worshiped  the  sun  and  the  moon,  but  did  not 
have  the  practice  of  human  sacrifice.  De  Vaca  and  his  three 
companions,  Andres  Dorantes,  Alonzo  del  Castillo  and  a  negro 
named  Estevanico,  visited  the  Zuni  village  on  their  Way  to 
Mexico.  Concerning  the  origin  of  these  Indians  De  Vaca  does 
not  say  a  word. 


PREHISTORIC  EPOCH  21 

19.  Fr.  Marcos  de  Niza  and  Others. — Father  Niza  was  the 
next  to  visit  and  observe  thcsi;  Jiulians  of  New  Mexico  (1539). 
After  him  came  Francisco  Vas(iuez  cle  Coronado  (1540),  Fran- 
cisco de  Ibarra  (1563),  Fr.  Augnstin  Rodriguez  (1581),  Antonio 
de  Espejo  (1582),  Castano  de  Sosa  (1590),  and  Juan  de  Onate 
(1598),  all  of  whom  confirm  what  De  Vaca  has  said  as  to  the 
lives  of  the  New  Mexican  Indian,  but  not  a  word  concerning  his 
origin  and  coming  to  this  continent. 

20.  Archbishop  Salpointe's  Views.^The  Most  Reverend 
Archbishop  Juan  B.  Salpointe,  for  many  years  missionary  priest 
among  the  Indians  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  afterwards 
Archbishop  of  Santa  Fe,  and  author  of  the  very  interesting  book 
on  the  history  of  the  Catholic  church  in  New  Mexico,  entitled 
Soldiers  of  the  Cross,  after  a  life  of  study  of  these  Indians  was 
able  to  obtain  from  a  very  old  Indian  in  Arizona  their  traditional 
story,  which  was  that  their  fu'st  ancestors  had  come  from 
another  land  —  far,  very  far  to  the  north ;  that  before  reaching 
this  land  they  met  with  a  very  large  body  of  water,  which  many 
of  their  number  crossed,  leaving  the  rest  on  the  other  side  of  the 
big  river  or  lake.  (More  information  as  to  Pueblo  Indians  is 
given  in  another  part  of  this  book.) 

21.  Accepted  Theory. — It  is  now  generally  believed  by  his- 
torians, geographers,  and  ethnologists  that  the  first  inhabitants 
of  North  and  South  America  came  from  the  northeastern  part  of 
Asia,  which  touches  the  Behring  Strait.  That  theory  seems  to 
agree  with  the  tradition  communicated  to  Archbishop  Salpointe 
by  the  Arizona  Indians. 


SPANISH-REGIME— 1539-1821 

CHAPTER  II 

VII 

22.  Sketch  and  Journey  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca. — De  Vaca's  real 
name  was  Alvar  Nunez  de  Vera.  He  Avas  the  son  of  Francisco 
de  Vera  and  Tereza  Alhaja-Cabeza  de  Vaca.  His  parents  and 
his  parents'  ancestors  were  all  of  illustrious  origin.  The  place 
of  his  birth  was  Jerez  de  la  Frontera,  Spain,  but  the  year  of  his 
birth  has  never  been  ascertained.  De  Vaca 's  father  was  the 
conqueror  of  the  Canary  Islands  (1488).  His  mother  was  a  de^ 
scendant  of  Don  Martin  Alhaja,  a  nobleman  who,  in  the  year 
1212,  was  surnamed  Caveza  de  Vaca  by  the  king  of  Navarra,  as  a 
reward  for  having,  by  means  of  a  cow's  horn,  marked  out  a  path 
on  the  rough,  rugged  mountains  for  the  Spanish  army,  enabling 
the  Spaniards  to  surprise  and  defeat  the  Moors  at  the  battle  of 
Las  Navas  de  Tolosa.  On  learning  the  origin  of  the  name 
"Cabeza  de  Vaca,"  Alvar  Nunez  changed  his  surname  from  "de 
Vera"  to  "Cabeza  de  Vaca"  and  is  known  in  history  as  Alvar 
Nuiiez  Cabeza  de  Vaca. 

23.  De  Vaca's  Coming  to  the  New  World.— On  the  7th  of 
June,  1527,  Panfilo  de  Narvaez,  with  six  vessels  and  600  men, 
colonists,  priests,  and  soldiers,  sailed  from  San  Liicas  de  Barra- 
meda,  Spain,  to  colonize  the  land  discovered  by  Ponce  de  Leon 
in  1512— Florida.  On  the  14th  day  of  April,  1528,  after  the  loss 
of  300  of  his  men  and  two  of  his  ships  in  wrecks  and  hurricanes, 
Narvaez  reached  Florida  and  landed  on  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of 
Tampa.  Soon  after,  Narvaez  began  his  explorations  into  the  in- 
terior of  the  country,  discovering  several  Indian  villages,  the 
principal  one  named  Ante.  After  suflfering  much  from  hunger, 
sickness,  and  constant  fighting  with  Indians,  the  latter  part  of 
July  the  Spaniards  captured  Ante,  where  they  found  abun- 
dance of  corn,  beans,  pumpkins,  and  other  eatables. 

24.  Aute  is  Abandoned. — Desperate  Situation. — Nai-vaez  had 
sent  his  three  ships  to  Puerto  Rico  and  Havana  for  more  men 


SPANISH  REGIME  23 

and  pro\asions,  which  never  came,  and  he  was  left  powerless  to 
leave  the  country  on  that  account.  Being  tlireatened  with  death 
by  starvation,  or  annihilation  by  the  Indians,  the  Spaniards  eon- 
stinicted  floats  and  reached  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  sailing  down  a 
river  nearly  as  large  as  the  Mississippi.  On  August  3,  1528, 
they  left  the  village  amid  uncountable  sufferings  and  half  dead 
with  hunger,  on  their  march  to  the  sea.  On  reaching  the  large 
river  they  eonstnicted  five  floats,  using  the  metal  of  their  stir- 
rups for  nails  and  the  leather  of  their  saddles  for  roj^es.  On  the 
28th  day  of  September,  1528,  after  having  lost  forty  men  from 
sickness  and  hunger,  they  killed  the  last  horse  to  use  his  flesh 
for  provisions  and  his  hide  for  bottle-gourds  (bags)  to  carry 
drinkable  water  and  sailed  down  the  river.  Before  reaching  the 
Gulf  the  drinkable  water  gave  out  and  they  were  compelled  to 
drink  salt  water,  three  Spaniards  dying  from  the  effects.  They 
were  attacked  by  the  Indians,  two  Spaniards  being  killed  and 
Narvaez  wounded.  They  reached  the  Gulf  November  5,  1528, 
were  met  by  an  angry  sea,  the  floats  separated  and  finally  (No- 
vember 6,  1528)  were  wrecked,  and  all  but  some  forty  or  sixty  of 
the  Spaniards  perished,  Narvaez  being  among  them.  The  few 
thus  saved  were  rescued  by  the  Indians  of  the  coast  and  parceled 
out  among  them.  Among  the  saved  were  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  Andres 
DoraJites  de  Carranza,  Alonzo  del  Castillo  Maldonado,  and  a 
negro  slave  of  Dorantes,  named  Estevanico.  Cabeza  de  Vaca 
and  the  other  Spaniards  last  named,  remained  together  ^ath  the 
Indians  of  an  island  which  they  named  Isla  del  Infortunio  (Is- 
land of  Misfortune).  De  Vaca  with  other  Spaniards  remained 
on  this  island  for  a  few  months  and  separated  because  of  their 
desperate  condition,  some  of  them  dying  of  hunger,  and  the  sur- 
vivors having  been  compelled  to  eat  the  flesh  of  their  dead  com- 
panions. Dorantes  and  his  slave  went  together.  De  Vaca  used 
his  knowledge  to  an  advantage,  became  a  trader  and  a  doctor 
among  the  Indian  tribes,  selling  shells  and  trinkets  and  making 
cures  among  them. 

VIII 

25.  De  Vaca's  Journey. — After  seven  years  of  wandering 
and  captivity,  De  Vaca,  Dorantes,  Castillo  Maldonado,  and  the 
negro  Estevajiico  met  (in  1535)  and  secretly  concocted  the  plan 
for  their  escape,  and  in  August  of  that  year  undertook  their 
famous    journey    across   the   continent,    passing    through   New 


SPAN181I  REGIME  25 

Mexico  and  reaching  tlie  City  of  Mexico  on  the  25th  dav  of  July, 
1536. 

26.  Hospitable  Treatment  by  Indians. — The  route  followed 
by  De  Vaca  and  his  companions  was,  it  is  believed,  across  the 
State  of  Texas,  entering  New  Mexico  from  the  southeast,  after 
having  traveled  north  several  days  up  the  Pecos  River,  from  the 
confluence  of  that  river  with  the  Rio  Grande.  On  their  way  they 
visited  many  Indian  villages,  among  them  being  the  Zuni  pueblo, 
where  they  remained  for  some  time.  All  along  their  route  they 
were  received  in  a  friendly  manner  by  the  Indians,  who  fur- 
nished them  with  corn,  beans,  and  butfalo  meat,  and  with  guides 
to  conduct  them  from  tribe  to  tribe.  This  hospitable  treatment 
was  extended  to  the  Spaniards  by  the  Indians  as  recognition  for 
the  marvelous  cures  performed  by  De  Vaca  and  the  others  among 
the  Indians.  De  Vaca  assures  us  that  by  his  undying  faith  in 
Divine  Providence  he  performed  miraculous  cures  merely  by  the 
making  of  the  sign  of  the  cross  and  reciting  some  prayers.  De 
Vaca  instructed  the  Indians  in  the  knowledge  of  a  Supreme  Be- 
ing and  to  make  the  sign  of  the  cross. 

27.  Hung'er  Drives  the  Spaniards  to  Desperation. — Before 
reaching  the  inhabited  Indian  villages  of  New  Mexico,  the  Span- 
iards and  their  guides  were  once  lost  for  some  days.  Hunger 
and  thirst  drove  them  to  desperation  and  compelled  them  to  eat 
dog  meat,  De  Vaca  having  purchased  two  from  the  Indians. 

28.  Arrest  of  De  Vaca  and  His  Companions. — From  Zuiii  the 
Spaniards  traveled  due  west,  expecting  to  reach  the  Pacific 
Ocean  and  find  Spanish  settlements.  After  having  traveled 
through  what  forms  today  the  State  of  Sonora,  the  Spaniards  met 
near  Culiacan  a  party  of  Spanish  explorers  under  Captain  Diego 
de  Alcaraz.  The  unexpected  meeting  of  the  parties  was  as  start- 
ling to  De  Vaca  as  to  Alcaraz.  They  soon  became  acquainted 
and  soon  also  enmity  separated  them.  Alcaraz  wanted  De  Vaca 
to  help  him  capture  the  Indians  that  accompanied  De  Vaca,  to 
which  proposition  De  Vaca  could  not  consent.  This  brought 
about  the  arrest  of  De  Vaca  and  his  companions.  Under  arrest 
they  were  conducted  to  San  Miguel  to  be  punished  by  Cebreros, 
the  alcalde  (justice  of  the  peace)  of  that  village.  Cebreros  made 
an  effort  to  coerce  De  Vaca  to  obey  the  orders  of  Alcaraz,  but 
De  Vaca  and  his  companions  declined  and  were  sent  to  Melchor 
Diaz,  alcalde  of  Culiacan,  to  be  punished  by  him.  This  was  in 
May,  1536. 


26  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

29.  Release  of  De  Vaca  and  His  Party. — Melchor  Diaz,  on 
hearing  De  Vacuus  narrative  of  the  wreck  of  the  Narvaez  expe- 
dition and  the  sufferings  of  the  unfortunate  survivors,  released 
them  and  sent  them  on  to  Compostehi,  where  they  were  kindly 
received  by  Nuno  de  Guzman,  governor  of  the  i)rovince.  From 
Compostela,  De  Vaca  and  his  companions  started  for  the  City 
of  Mexico,  which  they  reached  on  July  25,  ir).36.  To  Viceroy 
Mendoza  and  Hernan  Cortes,  the  conqueror  of  Mexico,  De  Vaca 
gave  a  full  account  of  the  Narvaez  expedition,  of  his  journey 
across  the  country,  and  of  the  lands  and  Indian  settlements  they 
had  seen.  De  Vaca  left  Mexico  for  Vera  Cniz  in  April,  1537, 
and  sailed  from  Vera  Cruz  about  the  middle  of  the  same  month 
for  Spain,  where  he  arrived  in  August,  1537.  In  Spain  he  wrote 
and  published  the  history  of  the  expedition  and  his  journey,  un- 
der the  title  "Naufragios"  (shipwrecks),  and  the  king  appointed 
him  governor  of  La  Plata,  South  America,  for  which  place  he 
sailed  from  Cadiz  on  December  2,  1540.  From  La  Plata  he  was 
sent  to  Spain  in  chains,  in  1545,  by  his  own  men,  under  charges 
of  disloyalty.  For  eight  years  he  fought  in  the  Spanish  courts, 
vindicating  himself  finally  but  never  again  returned  to  America, 
thus  ending  his  most  eventful  life. 


CHAPTER  III 

IX 

30.  First  Expedition — Fr.  Marcos  de  Niza. — In  the  year 
1538  a  Franciscan  father,  named  Juan  de  la  Ascencion,  dis- 
covered the  Gila  River  in  what  today  is  the  State  of  Arizona, 
and  was  before  part  of  New  ]\Iexico,  but  he  did  not  reach  the 
interior  of  tlie  territory  now  forming  the  State  of  New  Mexico. 

31.  Mendoza  Sends  Niza. — It  was  in  the  year  1539  when  the 
first  expedition  into  New  Mexico  was  made  by  Fr.  Marcos  de 
Niza.  He  was  sent  by  Viceroy  Mendoza  to  explore  the  country 
and  christianize  its  inhabitants.  The  locality  was  known  as  the 
Seven  Cities  or  Cibola  country  (Zuiii). 

32.  Sketch  of  Fr.  Niza. — Niza  was  a  Franciscan  monk,  a  man 
of  high  literary  attainments.  He  had  been  in  America  since  the 
year  1531,  having  come  as  superior  of  the  Franciscans,  had  ac- 
companied Francisco  Pizarro  to  Peru  in  1532,  returning  from 
Peni  to  Nicaragua  where  he  remained  till  1535,  preaching  the 
gospel  and  educating  the  Indians. 

33.  Fr.  Niza's  Entry,— Father  Niza  was  in  Mexico  when 
Cabeza  de  Yaca  made  his  report,  in  July,  1536,  to  Mendoza  and 
Cortes.  Mendoza  was  so  moved  by  what  De  Vaca  said  regarding 
the  Seven  Cities  that  he  finally  made  up  his  mind  to  send  Fr. 
Marcos  de  Niza  at  the  head  of  an  expedition,  with  the  negro  Este- 
vanico  as  guide,  to  colonize  the  country  and  christianize  the 
Indians.     Father  Niza  accepted  the  charge  and  started  in  1539. 


34.  Niza's  Expedition  to  Cibola. — Having  selected  Fr.  Niza, 
Viceroy  Mendoza  gave  him  strict  Avritten  authority  to  effect 
the  conversion  of  the  Indians  by  Christian  instructions,  tempered 
Avith  merciful  treatment ;  to  teach  them  reading,  A\Titing,  and 
agriculture ;  to  stop  the  capture  and  sale  of  Indians  by  the 
Spaniards  engaged  in  that  unchristian  trade,  and  to  report  to 
him  any  cruelties  and  injustices  practiced  upon  the  Indians  by 


28  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

said  tracU'i's,  and  to  form  settlements,  build  churches  and  con- 
vents, if  such  things  were  possible. 

35.  Fr.  Niza  Leaves  Culiacan.— Accompanied  by  another 
Franciscan  i)riest  named  Ornato,  the  negro  guide  Estevanico, 
and  a  few  friendly  Indians,  Fr.  Marcos  de  Niza  undertook  his 
journey  from  Culiacan  (now^  State  of  Sinaloa,  Mexico)  March  7, 
1539.  After  a  fe(w  days'  travel,  they  came  to  an  Indian  village 
called  Petatlan.  Here  Fr.  Niza  and  his  party  were  cordially  re- 
ceived by  the  Indians,  being  the  recipients  of  an  abundance  of 
food,  roses,  and  other  presents.  Fr.  Ornato  became  sick  and  was 
left  at  Petatlan. 

36.  Niza  Hears  of  Cortes. — Niza  was  traveling  close  to  the 
coast  of  the  Gulf  of  California.  He  met  Indians  who  had  pearls 
and  who  told  him  that  they  were  from  an  island  which  had  been 
visited  by  a  stranger  (Cortes,  when  discovering  California  in 
1539).  On  his  way  to  the  Cibola  country  from  the  place  where 
he  met  these  Indians,  Niza  found  a  tribe  of  ^\dld  Indians  who 
called  him  "Sayota"  (a  man  descended  from  heaven).  This 
tribe,  according  to  a  Jesuit  historian.  Father  Juan  Ortiz  Zapata, 
was  from  the  tribe  of  Pima  Indians.  From  these  Indians  Niza 
learned  that  further  north  in  the  interior  he  would  find  large  In- 
dian villages  where  the  lands  were  cultivated,  the  inhabitants 
dressed  in  cotton  and  woolen  garments,  and  that  the  wool  was 
clipped  from  small  animals.  They  also  informed  him  that  gold, 
showing  him  pieces  of  that  metal,  abounded  in  said  country. 
Niza  was  now  in  what  is  today  the  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico. 

37.  Niza  Reaches  Vacapa — Sends  Estevanico  Ahead. — 
From  the  last  mentioned  place  Niza  came  to  an  Indian  village 
called  Vacapa.  Here  he  saw  that  com,  beans,  pumpkins,  and 
other  herbs  were  cultivated.  From  this  pueblo,  Niza  sent  Este- 
vanico ahead  with  instructions  to  explore  the  country  and  to 
report  his  discoveries  by  special  couriers. 

XI 

38.  Estevanico  Reaches  Zuni. — After  traveling  a  few  days, 
Estevanico  reached  several  Indian  settlements.  In  all  of  them 
he  was  kindly  treated  and  was  the  object  of  many  attentions. 
Finally,  twenty-five  days  after  he  left  Vacapa,  Estevanico 
reached  the  Seven  Cities  (Zufii  pueblos),  and  from  there  he 
sent  word  to  Niza  by  some  of  the  friendly  Indians  that  had  ac- 


SPANISH  EEGIME  29 

coinpanied  hini.  He  also  sent  Niza  a  large  wooden  cross,  and 
told  the  messengers  to  relate  to  Niza  the  wonders  of  the  Seven 
Cities,  and  urge  iiiin  to  make  liaste. 

39.  Niza  Continues  His  Journey. — On  receiving  Estevanico's 
report,  Niza  thanked  God  and  at  once  resumed  the  journey.  On 
the  way  to  the  Seven  Cities  Niza  learned  from  the  Indians  that 
north  of  them  there  were  other  large  settlements  called  Acueo 
(Acoma),  Marata,  and  Tonteac.  iJefore  reaching  the  province 
of  the  Seven  Cities,  Niza  met  some  Indians  who,  observing  the 
color  of  the  cloth  of  his  habit,  told  him  that  in  Cibola  and  Ton- 
teac the  Indians  had  the  same  kind  of  cloth,  made  from  wool 
taken  from  small  animals.  Niza  made  and  planted  large  crosses 
at  each  village. 

40.  Niza  Leaves  His  Road  to  Find  the  Sea. — Anxious  to  find 
out  how  near  to  the  coast  he  was,  Niza  made  a  side  trip  to  the  west, 
reached  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  California  "at  35  degrees"  as 
he  says,  and  then  returned  his  march  to  Zuiii,  taking  possession 
of  the  country  as  he  went. 

41.  Niza  Learns  of  Estevanico's  Death. — In  the  earlier  part 
of  May,  Niza  had  already  reached  the  Zuni  desert,  when  he  met 
some  of  the  friendly  Indians,  who  had  gone  with  Estevanico  to 
the  land  of  the  Seven  Cities,  and  from  them  learned  that  Este- 
vanico and  many  of  the  Indians  who  went  with  him  had  reached 
Cibola,  and  had  been  killed  by  the  Indians  of  the  main  pueblo 
(Zuni).  These  emissaries  advised  Niza  not  to  go  any  further 
or  he  also  would  be  killed. 

42.  Niza  Reaches  Zuni  and  Takes  Possession. — Learning  of 
the  greatness  of  the  Seven  Cities,  Niza  concluded  not  to  return 
until  he  had  seen  them.  He  went  on  until  he  came  to  a  mound 
overlooking  the  main  pueblo  (Zuni).  From  the  top  of  that 
mound  he  viewed  the  whole  country,  and  making  a  mound  of 
rocks,  erected  thereon  a  large  wooden  cross,  taking  solemn  pos- 
session of  the  Seven  Cities  and  all  the  surrounding  country  in 
the  name  of  the  king,  and  naming  it  "New  Kingdom  of  San 
Francisco."  This  done,  Niza  returned  to  the  City  of  Mexico, 
which  place  he  reached  in  September  (1539).  The  description 
he  gave  of  the  country  by  him  discovered,  its  riches,  fertility, 
and  its  large  and  populous  cities  created  such  excitement  that 
Mendoza  at  once  began  to  formulate  plans  for  further  explora- 
tions and  for  the  conquest  of  the  whole  country. 


'A 
< 
MP 


CHAPTER  IV 

XII 

43.  Coronado  Heads  the  New  Expedition. — Francisco  Vas- 
quez  Coronado  was  an  officer  of  high  standing,  a  noble,  and  was 
related  to  the  chief  officers  in  Mexico.  On  that  account  he  was 
selected  by  Mendoza.  Having  received  his  appointment  as  com- 
mandant, Coronado  proceeded  to  organize  an  army  of  300 
Spaniards  and  80Q  Indians.  Among  the  officers  were  Pedro  de 
Tovar  (ensign),  Pedro  de  Guevara,  Garcia  Lopez  de  Cardenas, 
Kodrigo  Maldonado,  Diego  Lopez,  Diego  Gutierrez,  Juan  de  Zal- 
divar,  Francisco  Barrionuevo,  Francisco  de  Obando,  Juan  Galle- 
gos,  and  Tristan  de  Arellano,  all  nobles,  as  captains,  and  Alonso 
Manrique  de  Lara,  Lope  de  Urrea,  Gomez  Suarez  de  Figueroa, 
Luis  Eamirez  de  Vargas,  Juan  de  Soto  Mayor,  Francisco  Gor- 
ballan  y  Castaiieda,  Pablo  de  Melgosa,  and  Hernando  de  Alva- 
rado,  as  subordinate  officers.  Melgosa  was  placed  in  charge  of 
the  infantry  and  Alvarado  in  charge  of  the  mounted  forces,  both 
iwdth  the  rank  of  captain.  By  sea  Coronado  sent  Hernando  de 
Alarcon  with  two  vessels  to  carry  provisions,  Coronado  believing 
that  his  journey  w^as  to  be  made  along  the  coast.  This  was  in 
the  earlier  part  of  the  year  1540. 

44.  Oath  of  Allegiance — Niza  Accompanies  the  Expedition — 
Pedro  de  Castenda. — At  Compostela  the  officers  and  men  gave 
before  Viceroy  Mendoza  the  oath  of  allegiance.  Fr.  Marcos  de 
Niza,  Fr.  Juan  de  Padilla,  Fr.  Escalona,  Fr.  Antonio  Victoria, 
and  other  Franciscan  priests  accompanied  the  expedition.  From 
Compostela  the  army  went  to  Culiacan,  from  which  place  Coro- 
nado set  out  on  a  vanguard  march  with  fifty  mounted  men,  some 
infantry  soldiers,  and  a  number  of  Indians.  The  rest  of  the 
army  under  Tristan  de  Arellano,  followed  fifteen  days  after. 
Niza,  with  some  of  the  other  friars,  accompanied  Coronado. 
Among  the  soldiers  was  Pedro  de  Castaiieda  who,  some  twenty 
years  after,  wrote  a  history  of  what  he  remembered  of  the  ex- 
pedition. 


32 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


45.  Coronado  Reaches  Zufii. — After  crossing  an  Indian  Vil- 
lage, in  wliiil  now  i'oi'ins  Ihe  State  of  Sonora,  called  Chiehil-ti- 
calli,  Coronado  entered  the  Znfii  deseii,  gi-eatly  discouraged  and 


bitterly  disappointed  in  discovering  that  Niza's  report  had  mis- 
represented the  country,  and  coming  to  the  Zuiii  River,  named  it 
Rio  Colorado  (red  river),  on  account  of  its  water  being  red  with 


SPANISH  REGIME  33 

mud.  Coronado  was  now  eiglit  miles  from  Zniii.  It  was  the 
j&rst  of  August  (1540).  At  this  i^iace  Coronado  met  some  of  the 
Zuni  Indians  who,  on  seeing  the  Spaniards,  started  promptly  to 
carry  the  news  to  Zuni. 

46.  Battle  Won  with  the  Zunis — Pueblos  Surrender — Coro- 
nado Wounded. — On  August  2d,  Zuni  Indians  (the  original  In- 
dian name  of  this  pueblo  was  "Ha\Adkuh")  came  out  and  gave 
the  Spaniards  battle  but  were  defeated  and  on  the  next  day 
(August  3d)  Coronado 's  army  entered  the  pueblo,  and  Coronado 
at  once  named  the  country  Nueva  Granada  (New  Granada),  and 
the  same  day  A\TOte  a  letter  from  that  place  to  Viceroy  Mendoza, 
which  contained  a  severe  censure  of  Niza's  exaggerated  report. 
The  pueblo  had  some  200  warriors,  about  1,000  inhabitants, 
adobe  houses  from  three  to  four  stories  high.  From  Zuiii,  Coro- 
nado visited  the  other  six  pueblos  of  the  province  which  he  com- 
pelled to  surrender,  after  a  somewhat  desperate  battle  in  which 
Coronado  received  a  stone  jw^ound  in  the  head.  Coronado  then 
reprimanded  Niza  and  sent  him  back  to  Mexico. 

47.  Arellano's  March — Spanish  Settlements. — On  his  way  to 
Cibola  the.  army  followed  the  road  traveled  by  Cabeza  de  Viaca 
four  years  before,  and  came  to  an  Indian  camp,  which  De  Vaca 
named  Corazones  (Hearts),  at  or  near  the  place  where  the  City 
of  Ures,  State  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  now  stands.  Here  Arellano 
founded  the  colony  of  San  Geronimo  de  los  Corazones  (Saint 
Jerome  of  Hearts),  but  which  he  afterwards  removed  further 
into  the  interior  and  gave  it  the  name  of  Seiiora  (Lady).  From 
that  place  Arellano  sent  Maldonado  to  the  coast  in  search  of 
Alarcon,  who  soon  returned  Av-ithout  finding  Alarcon,  nor  his 
vessels.  Here  also  Arellano  received,  in  October,  instructions 
from  Coronado  to  hasten  the  march  of  the  army. 

48.  The  Army  Starts  for  Cibola — Alarcon 's  Letter — The 
Colorado  River. — Arellano  at  once  started  for  Cibola,  leaving 
Melchor  Diaz  with  eighty  soldiers  at  Seiiora.  After  Arellano's 
departure  Melchor  Diaz  -with  l^wenty-five  men  went  to  the  coast 
to  look  for  Alarcon,  leaving  Diego  de  Alcaraz  in  charge  at  Seiiora. 
On  reaching  the  coast,  where  the  Colorado  River  empties  into  the 
Gulf  of  California,  he  found  written  on  a  tree  these  words: 
"Alarcon  arrived  at  this  place;  there  are  letters  at  the  foot  of 
this  tree."  In  the  letters  Alarcon  stated  that,  having  in  vain 
waited  there  a  long  time  for  instructions  from  Coronado,  he  had 
returned  to  New  Spain  (Mexico). 


34  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

49.  Death  of  Diaz. — Melelior  Diaz  followed  the  opposite 
course  of  tlie  ("olorado  River,  to  a  point  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Gila.  Here  he  built  rafts,  crossed  to  the  noi'th  side,  and  ex- 
plored the  country  far  into  what  are  now  the  States  of  California, 
Nevada,  and  Utah.  Not  finding:  anything  of  interest  he  retraced 
his  steps,  but  was  accidentally  killed  bcfoi-e  reaching  Senora. 

50.  The  Army  Reaches  Cibola — More  Discoveries. — It  was 
after  the  middle  of  October  (1540)  when  the  army  reached 
Cibola,  Avithout  encountering  any  accident.  Acting  on  informa- 
tion given  him  by  the  Indians  about  a  group  of  other  pueblos 
some  twenty-five  miles  from  Cibola,  (Joronado  sent  seventeen 
soldiers  under  Pedro  de  Tovar  and  Fr.  Juan  de  Padilla.  Tovar 
soon  found  these  pueblos,  the  principal  one  of  which  was  Tu- 
sayan.  He  had  to  fight  a  battle,  in  which  many  Indians  were 
killed,  before  taking  posssession  of  the  pueblos.  Here  Tovar 
heard  of  a  great  river  (the  Colorado,  discovered  by  Melchor 
Diaz)  inhabited  by  large  pueblos.  Tovar  returned  to  Coronado's 
quarters  and  reported  what  he  had  done. 

51.  Second  Discovery  of  the  Colorado  River. — Coronado  at 
once  sent  Garcia  Lopez  de  Cardenas  with  twelve  soldiers  to  dis- 
cover that  river,  and  to  take  possession  of  its  settlements.  They 
traveled  twenty  days  before  reaching  the  river,  and  when  they 
came  to  it  they  found  a  ravine  so  deep  that  the  two  men  charged  to 
descend  to  the  water  traveled  down  a  narrow  path  from  morning 
until  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  without  reaching  the  water 
line.  Cardenas  and  the  others  remained  on  the  brink  of  the 
precipice  until  the  two  men  returned.  The  two  men  who  made 
the  descent  were  Captain  Melgosa  and  the  soldier,  Juan  Galeras. 

52.  Acuco,  Tiguex,  Cicuye  Discovered — Bigotes  Submits.— 
The  discovery  of  Acuco  (Acoma),  Tiguex  (some  ten  or  more 
pueblos  lying  on  either  side  of  the  Rio  Grande  near  the  town  of 
Bernalillo  with  Puara  or  Puaray  as  the  principal  one  of  the 
province),  and  Cicuye  (Pecos)  followed.  An  Indian  from 
Cicuye  visited  Coronado  at  Zuiii  and  informed  him  of  their  ex- 
istence. This  Indian  was  from  Cicuye,  and  the  Spaniards 
named  him  Bigotes  (Mustache),  on  account  of  his  having 
beard  and  mustache.  Bigotes  offered  Coronado  his  sub- 
mission and  the  submission  of  all  his  people,  and  made  him  pres- 
ents of  tanned  buffalo  hides  and  Indian  pottery.  He  told  Coron- 
ado that  the  hides  were  tanned  from  cow^s  found  not  far  from 
Cicuye.     To  verify  that  information,  Coronado  sent  Hernando 


SPANISH  REGIME  35 

do  Alvarado  with  twenty  soldiers  and  Bigotes,  giving  Alvarado 
eiglity  days  to  explore  the  whole  country. 

53.  Alvarado 's  Journey — Headquarters  for  the  Army — 
Turco. — The  first  pueblo  Alvarado  eanie  to  was  Aeuco  (Acoma) 
about  fifty  miles  east  from  Zuni.  Acoma  is  built  on  the  summit 
of  a  large  impregnable  rock,  and  is  ascended  by  a  very  narrow 
path  with  steps  carved  in  the  rock.  After  some  little  resistance, 
Alvarado  took  possession  of  Acoma,  receiving  presents  of  turkeys, 
bread,  deerskins,  pinones  (pine  tree  nuts),  corn  meal,  and  corn. 
Alvarado  then  went  to  the  Tiguex  province,  and  was  joyfully  re- 
ceived by  the  Indians  of  Puaray,  the  chief  pueblo.  From  Tiguex, 
Alvarado  informed  Coronado  that  the  pueblo  of  Puaray  was  the 
best  place  for  winter  quarters,  urging  him  to  come  there.  From 
there  Alvarado  went  to  Cicuye,  and  found  its  inhabitants  ready 
for  submission.  They  came  out  to  meet  him,  and  gave  him  many 
presents  of  woolen  and  cotton  goods,  turquoises,  and  other  things. 
Here  Alvarado  met  an  Indian  that  looked  like  a  Turk,  whom 
the  Spaniards  on  that  account  called  Turco.  This  Indian 
claimed  to  be  from  Florida.  Turco  told  Alvarado  that  hisi 
country  was  very  rich,  thickly  inhabited;  that  gold  and  silver 
could  be  found  in  large  quantities.  Alvarado  returned  from 
Cicuye  and  on  reaching  Tiguex,  he  met  Cardenas  with  a  few  sol- 
diers.    Cardenas  had  come  to  prepare  quarters  for  the  army. 

54.  Coronado  at  Tiguex  —  Other  Pueblos  —  The  Gran 
Quivira. — Coronado,  upon  Cardenas'  report,  sent  the  army  un- 
der Arellano  to  Tiguex,  and  he  went  with  thirty  men  and  a  few 
Indians  to  discover  the  province  of  Tutahaco  (comprising  the 
pueblos  of  Laguna  and  Isleta).  After  taking  peaceful  pos- 
session of  that  province,  Coronado  went  along  the  Rio  Grande  to 
Tiguex,  where  he  met  Alvarado,  Turco  (the  Indian),  and  Car- 
denas. This  was  in  September,  1540.  Turco  repeated  to  Coro- 
nado what  he  had  told  about  his  country,  which  is  known  as 
the  Gran  Quivira.  Coronado  now  made  up  his  mind  to  make  a 
.journey  to  that  country,  but  as  it  was  then  winter  he  remained 
there  until  the  spring  of  1541.  The  army  reached  Tigaex  shortly 
after  Coronado,  and  the  soldiers  were  lodged  in  the  homes  of  the 
Indians  who  had  been  expelled  by  force  from  their  homes  by 
Cardenas  and  Alvarado  and  deprived  of  their  clothes  and  pro- 
visions that  the  soldiers  might  have  comfortable  quarters.  This 
cruel  and  inhuman  treatment  of  the  hospitable  Indians  was 
acquiesced  in  by  Coronado,  and  was  the  seed  which  engendered 


MOST  REV.  DON  JUAX  BAUTISTA  LAMY,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  SANTA  FE 
New  Mexico's  first  Bishop,    1851,   under  the  American  Government 


SPANISH  REGIME  37 

in  the  hearts  of  the  New  Mexico  Pueblo  Indians  the  hatred 
against  tlie  Spaniards  which  later  (in  1680)  cuhninated  in  the 
great  rebellion. 

XIV 

55.  First  Insurrection — Cruelty  of  the  Spaniards. — Because 
of  the  inclemency  of  the  weather,  Coronado  ordered  Juan  -Ale- 
man,  Indian  governor  of  Puaray,  to  gather  from  the  Indians 
300  garments  for  the  Spanish  soldiers.  The  order  was  not  com- 
plied with  immediately,  and  Coi'onado  sent  soldiers  to  enforce  it. 
The  Indians  were  despoiled  of  all  they  had,  even  the  clothes 
they  were  wearing,  and  were,  besides,  subjected  to  cruel  treat- 
ment, and  their  families  abused  by  the  soldiers.  These  things 
brought  about  a  hostile  demonstration  on  the  part  of  the  In- 
dians, which  ended  in  a  bloody  fight,  in  which  many  Indians 
w^ere  killed  and  a  large  number  made  prisoners.  This  was  in 
March,  1541.  To  this  cruel  and  unchristian  treatment  of  the 
Indians  the  Franciscan  Fathers  protested,  objected,  and  repri- 
manded the  Spaniards. 

56.  Siege  of  the  Pueblo — Human  Holocaust. — On  hearing  of 
the  insurrection  Coronado  sent  Cardenas  with  a  large,  number 
of  soldiers  with  instructions  not  to  leave  a  single  Indian  alive. 
A  siege  Avas  laid  to  the  pueblo  which  lasted  fifteen  days,  the  In- 
dians fighting  desperately  until  hunger  and  thirst  compelled 
them  to  surrender,  after  losing  200  of  their  number.  The  Span- 
iards had  several  soldiers  wounded  and  one-  officer,  Captain 
Francisco  de  Obando,  was  killed.  While  the  battle  was  raging, 
some  100  Indians  surrendered  to  Captains  Zaldivar  and  Melgosa 
and  were  sent  to  Cardenas'  quarters.  Cardenas,  believing  that 
said  Indians  had  been  made  prisoners,  ordered  their  immediate 
execution.  All  but  two  of  the  unfortunate  natives  were  burnt 
alive.  When  Cardenas  became  aware  of  his  error,  after  the 
surrender  of  the  other  Indians,  he  made  an  effort  under  Corona- 
do's  orders  and  the  command  of  the  priests,  to  reconcile  the 
Indians,  but  w^as  assaulted  and  w^ounded  by  them. 

57.  Coronado  Visits  Cicuye — Delivery  of  Bigotes. — While 
the  Tiguex  pueblo  was  under  siege,  Coronado,  fearing  a  general 
uprising  by  the  Cicuye  Indians,  made  a  trip  to  Cicuye  and  de- 
livered to  the  natives  of  that  pueblo,  their  governor,  Bigotes, 
whom  he  had  kept  for  six  months  in  Puaray  as  a  prisoner  on  a 
complaint  of  Turco,  Avho  had  charged  the  Cicuye  Indians  with 


38  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

having  stolen  some  bracelets  from  him.  The  Cieiiye  Indians 
were  pleased  when  their  governor  was  returned  to  them,  and,  on 
that  account  they  submitted  to  Coronado,  giving  him  manj' 
presents,  among  wliieh  was  an  Indian  from  Qnivii-a,  Xave. 
Coronado  at  once  returned  1o  Tigiu-x. 

58.  Submission  of  the  Whole  Province — The  Gran  Quivira. 
— ^Upon  Coronado 's  return  to  Tiguex,  preparations  were  made 
for  the  journey  to  the  nuich  lauded  Gran  Quivira.  The  Tiguex 
Indians  had  fled  to  the  mountains,  but  ])e  Tovai-  had  already 
discovered  and  pacified  the  province  of  Queres  or  Quinx  (which 
included  the  pueblos  named  today  Cohiti,  San  I^'elipe,  Santo 
Domingo,  Zia,  and  Santa  Ana,  now  deserted).  All  these  pueblos 
are  near  Tiguex.  The  whole  province  being  pacified,  and  every- 
thing ready,  the  celebrated  march  of  Coronado  to  the  Gran 
Quivira  was  undertaken  by  the  whole  army,  no  Spaniard  re- 
maining in  New  Mexico.  This  journey  was  undertaken  in  May, 
1541.  To  the  Indians  of  Zia,  Coronado  made  a  present,  to  show 
them  his  appreciation  of  their  loyalty,  of  four  pieces  (cannons) 
of  artillery  which  had  previously  been  put  out  of  commission. 

XV 

59.  The  Gran  Quivira. — From  Tiguex  Coronado  marched, 
with  Xave  and  Turco  as  guides,  going  by  way  of  Cicuye,  thence 
in  a  southeastern  direction  until  they  again  reached  the  Pecos 
River,  at  the  place  where  the  town  of  Puerto  de  Luna,  Guadalupe 
County,  is  now.  The  river  was  very  high  and  could  not  be 
forded,  but  the  Spaniards  built  a  bridge,  and  were  thus  able  to 
continue  their  journey  into  the  then  limitless  prairies  (the 
staked  plains).  For  several  days  the  army  traveled  amid  great 
sufferings  for  want  of  water.  Food  they  had  plenty,  the  vast 
territorial  expanse  being  literally  covered  with  bisons  (buffa- 
loes). 

60.  Trace  of  Cabeza  De  Vaca — Ysopete. — In  the  course  of 
the  journey  far  into  the  interior  of  the  wilderness,  the  Span- 
iards came  to  a  large  settlement  through  which  Cabeza  de  Vaca 
and  his  companions  had  passed  six  years  before.  On  the  ap- 
proach of  the  army  the  Indians  requested  the  Spaniards  to  bless 
them,  the  Indians  making  the  sign  of  the  cross  and  saying  they 
had  learned  these  things  from  three  white  men  and  a  negro,  who 
went  through  their  land  some  time  before.     At  this  place  the 


SPANISH  REGIME  39 

Spaniards  were  joined  by  another  Indian,  wlioni  they  called 
Ysopefe,  ■\vho  asked  to  be  allowed  to  go  with  them  as  he  knew 
the  eounti-y  better  than  Turco,  and  charging  Turco  with  having 
told  a  falsehood  to  the  Spaniards  regarding  the  country.  These 
diarges  were  supported  by  Xave,  who  time  and  again  called 
Turco  an  impostor. 

61.  Council  of  War — Turco  Arrested. — Coronado  being  dis- 
gusted with  not  having  found,  after  tiiirty-seven  days  of  constant 
travel,  anything  but  wild  Indians  and  wild  animals,  and  being 
satisfied  that  Turco  had  lied  to  him,  called  a  council  of  war,  the 
result  of  the  deliberations  being  that  the  army  should  return 
to  Tiguex,  and  that  Coronado,  with  thirty-six  mounted  and  six 
infantry  soldiers,  should  continue  further  into  the  interior. 
Coronado  placed  Turco  under  arrest,  took  him  along,  and  made 
him  travel  on  foot.  Ysopete  also  accompanied  Coronado  as 
guide.  Xave  returned  with  the  army.  The  separation  of  Cor- 
onado from  his  army  took  place  near  the  southern  part  of  what 
is  now  the  State  of  Kansas. 

62.  Return  of  the  Army — New  Discoveries. — Before  start- 
ing, Arellano  had  500  butfaloes  killed  and  the  meat  sun-dried  to 
provision  the  army.  On  his  return  Arellano  took  for  guides  some 
Indians  called  Teyas,  and  the  start  was  made  the  earlier  part  of 
July,  1541,  by  a  shorter  route  pointed  out  by  the  Indian  guides, 
the  journey  to  Tiguex  having  been  made  in  twenty-five  days. 
At  Cicuye  the  army  was  received  with  hostile  demonstrations. 
Arellano  therefore  continued  his  journey  without  stopping  at 
Cicuye.  On  reaching  Tiguex,  the  latter  part  of  July,  Arellano 
found  the  pueblos  occupied  by  the  Tiguex  Indians,  who,  upon  the 
arrival  of  the  Spaniards,  again  abandoned  the  pueblos,  fleeing 
to  the  mountains.  Arellano  at  once  sent  squads  of  soldiers  in 
different  directions,  to  explore  the  country  and  to  gather  pro- 
visions for  the  army.  Barrionuevo  went  by  w-ay  of  Jemez, 
where  he  discovered  seven  pueblos  (only  one  of  them  exists  to- 
day), and  gathered  great  quantities  of  corn,  bread,  and  other 
provisions,  which  the  Indians  readily  gave  him.  From  Jemez 
Ban'ionuevo  went  northeast,  discovering  the  pueblos  of  San  Ilde- 
fonzo,  Pojua(iue,  Nambe,  Cuyanningue,  Santa  Clara,  San  Juan, 
and  Abiquiu,  and  finally  Taos  (Braba),  which  he  named  Valla- 
dolid.  Another  captain  explored  the  province  of  the  Piros, 
Socorro  County. 

63.  The  Gran  Quivira — Coronado 's  Return. — Coronado  trav- 


40  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

eled  forty  days  after  leaving  the  army  without  finding  anything 
of  conse(iuence,  arriving  finally  at  a  large  settlement  of  Wichita 
Indians  who  lived  in  slender  straw  huts.  This  settlement,  Cor- 
onado  was  informed,  was  the  famous  Gran  Quivira.  The  exact 
location  of  the  Quivira  is  supposed  to  be  on  the  Arkansas  River, 
State  of  Kansas,  close  to  where  Dodge  City  now  stands.  (Some 
reputable  authors  believe  that  it  was  on  the  Missouri  River.) 
Coronado,  realizing  that  he  had  been  imposed  upon  by  Turco, 
had  him  executed  by  strangulation  and  gave  orders  for  the  re- 
turn to  Tiguex. 

64.  Battle  with  the  Cicuye  Indians. — In  the  earlier  part  of 
October,  1541,  Arellano,  having  heard  that  Coronado  was  on  his 
way  back,  started  with  forty  men  to  meet  him.  At  Cicuye  he 
found  the  Indians  opposed  to  his  going  further  and  ready  to 
figh't.  A  battle  followed,  in  which  the  Indians  were  whipped 
into  siibmission,  after  many  of  them  had  been  killed.  '  Here 
Arellano  waited  for  Coronado,  who  was  not  long  in  reaching  the 
place.  On  Coronado 's  arrival  at  Cicuye,  the  Indians  again  sub- 
mitted to  his  authority  wdth  demonstrations  of  joy.  Coronado 
then  proceeded  to  Tiguex,  where  he  spent  the  winter  with  his 
army. 

XVI 

65.  Letter  to  the  Emperor — Coronado 's  Failure. — On  his  re- 
turn to  Tiguex,  Coronado,  keenly  feeling  his  disappointment,  and 
having  been  made  the  victim  of  Father  Niza's  exaggerations,  on 
the  20th  of  October,  1541,  made  his  last  report  to  the  emperor  of 
Spain.  In  this  report,  Coronado  manfully  admits  his  failure; 
gives  a  full  and  complete  account  of  his  journey ;  of  his  surprise 
at  Niza  's  having  wilfully  lied  to  him  about  the  country ;  describes 
his  suffering  and  what  he  found  the  Quivira  to  be ;  states  M'hat 
discoveries  had  been  made ;  relates  the  inclemency  of  the  weather 
and  the  lack  of  fuel  in  the  neighborhood  of  Tiguex ;  informs  the 
emperor  of  his  going  back  to  Mexico  in  the  coming  spring,  and 
closes  with  these  words :  ' '  There  was  nothing  of  what  Fr.  Mar- 
cos said  .  .  .  the  best  I  have  found  is  this  river  of  Tiguex, 
where  I  am,  and  its  towns  which  are  not  in  position  to  be  peo- 
pled. .  .  The  land  is  so  cold,  as  I  have  written  to  your  Majes- 
ty, that  it  seems  impossible  for  winter  to  be  spent  therein,  there 
being  neither  wood  nor  clothing  wherewith  men  might  be  shel- 
tered." 


SPANISH  REGIME  41 

66.  Cold  Causes  Suffering' — Injury  to  Coronado. — The  win- 
ter was  spent  in  extreme  poverty,  aiul  without  wood  or  sufficient 
clothing.  In  going  through  the  country  looking  for  provisions 
Coronado  was  thrown  from  his  horse,  the  fall  inflicting  on  him  a 
severe  injury  which  laid  him  up  for  some  weeks.  Cardenas, 
who  had  left  Tiguex  for  Spain  immediately  upon  the  return  of 
the  army,  returned  to  Tiguex,  not  having  been  able  to  proceed 
very  far  because  the  Indians  in  Sonora  had  killed  all  the  Span- 
iards in  the  Spanish  settlements.  This  sad  news  caused  Corona- 
do much  anxiety  and  prompted  him  to  begin  preparations  for 
the  return  of  the  army  to  Mexico. 

67.  The  Return— The  First  Martyrs.— In  the  latter  part  of 
April,  1542,  Coronado  with  his  army  left  Tiguex  for  Mexico, 
taking  wdth  him  all  his  men  except  Fr.  Juan  de  Padilla,  Fr.  de 
Escalona,  a  Portuguese  named  Andres  del  Campo,  and  some  few 
Indians  of  those  that  came  with  him  from  Mexico.  The  Fathers 
at  once  separated  to  preach  the  gospel  among  the  Indians. 
Father  De  Padilla,  accompanied  by  Del  Campo,  went  back  to  the 
Gran  Quivira,  where  he  was  murdered  by  the  Indians  while  de- 
livering a  sermon.  Del  Campo  escaped  as  soon  as  he  saw  what 
was  to  happen.  Fr.  De  Escalona  remained  preaching  the  gospel 
in  Cicuye,  where  he  also  was  killed  by  the  Indians  of  that  pueblo. 
The  Mexican  Indians,  some  three  or  four,  remained  at  Zuiii, 
where  Espejo  found  them  forty  years  after  (1582).  Coronado 
reached  the  City  of  Mexico  in  August  (1542).  Mendoza  received 
him  with  marked  indifference,  relieving  him  of  the  post  of  gov- 
ernor of  New  Galicia  which  he  was  occuping  when  sent  to  New 
Mexico.  Thus  ended  the  remarkable  and  eventful,  though  fruit- 
less entry  of  Coronado. 


CHAPTER  V 


XVII 


68.     First  Mission.- 


After  the  return  of  Coronado  to  Mexico 
(1542)  no  other  entry  of  importance 
took  place  until  the  year  1581,  except 
an  entry  made  in  1564,  by  Don  Fran- 
cisco  Ibarra,  then  governor  of  New 
^Mscaya,  who  came  at  the  head  of  an 
expedition  composed  of  fifty  soldiers 
under  Pedro  de  Tovar  (one  of  Coron- 
ado's  captains),  and  several  Francis- 
can Fathers  with  Fr.  Acebedo  as  su- 
perior.    It    was    in    the    year    1581, 
when  two  Franciscan  Fathers  and  a 
Franciscan  Brother,  named  Juan  de 
Santa  Maria,    Francisco   Lopez,   and 
Agustin  Rodriguez  (known  in  historj^ 
as  Rodriguez  and  Ruiz)   respectively, 
came  to  New  Mexico.     These  mission- 
aries were  accompanied  by  eight  sol- 
diers under   Captain  Francisco  San- 
chez Chasmuscado.     The  names  of  the 
soldiers     were:       Felipe     Escalante, 
Hernando  Barrado,  Jose  Sanchez,  Pe- 
dro   Sanchez    de    Chavez, 
Herrera,    and   Fuensalido. 
The   object    of  these   mis- 
sionaries was  to  teach  the 
Indians  the    Christian  re- 
ligion.    The  soldiers  were 
sent  to  escort  and  protect 
the  Fathers;  eight  friendly 
Indians  from  Mexico  came 
with     them     as     servants. 
Thus  it  was  that  the  first 
missions  in  New  Mexico  were  preached  in  1581. 


PTESUOl/E 


Courtesy  of  J.   C.  Candelnrio,   Santa   Fe,  N.  M. 

INDIAN  GOVERNOR  OP  THE   PUEBLO  OF 
TESUQUE 


SPANISH  REGIME  43 

69.  The  Journey  Along  the  Rio  Grande. — June  5,  1581,  the 
Fathers  and  the  rest  ol"  tlic  [jarty  left  San  iJarlolonie  (then  the 
northernmost  mission  in  what  is  now  the  State  of  Chihuahua). 
They  came  traveling  along  the  Kio  Grande  from  the  confluence  of 
that  river  with  the  Conchos.  The  Fathers,  on  reaching  the  Rio 
Grande,  named  it  Guadalquivir,  because  it  looked  to  them  as 
large  as  the  Guadalquivir  of  Spain.  On  their  way  they  preach- 
ed in  every  pueblo  along  the  river  and  were  cordially  received 
everywhere.  When  they  reached  Tiguex  they  established  their 
head(]uarters  in  the  pueblo  of  Puaray,  this  pueblo  being  the 
same  where  Coronado  had  forty  years  before  made  his  quarters. 

70.  Discovery  of  Mines — The  Soldiers  Desert  the  Fathers. — 
The  missions  being  thus  established,  in  October,  1581,  Cliamus- 
cado  and  his  companions  made  several  trips  over  the  country 
looking  for  mines,  discovering  some  in  the  Piros  province  (now 
Socorro  County).  Chamuscado  and  his  soldiers,  in  January, 
1582,  returned  to  Mexico  (Chamuscado  dying  before  reaching 
the  City  of  Mexico),  leaving  the  Fathers  in  New  Mexico  wdthout 
protection.  They  took  a  quantity  of  silver  ore  wath  them,  which 
was  essayed  in  Mexico  and  found  to  contain  fifty  per  cent  of 
silver. 

71.  The  Fathers  Name  the  Province  New  Mexico — Their 
Death. — Fr.  Eodriguez  and  his  companions  made  thousands  of 
conversions  among  the  Indians  and  were  so  well  pleased  with  the 
country  and  its  inhabitants  that  they  named  it  New^  Mexico,  and 
sent  a  report  to  Mexico  by  Father  Juan  de  Santa  Maria.  The 
latter,  relying  on  his  knowledge  of  the  stars,  and  prompted  also 
by  a  desire  to  discover  other  places,  took  a  different  route.  He 
had  traveled  only  three  days  when  the  Indians,  while  the  Father 
was  asleep  by  the  roadside,  killed  him,  by  casting  a  large  stone 
over  his  head.  Father  Lopez  and  Fr.  Rodriguez  and  the  friend- 
ly Indians  who  came  wdth  them  from  Mexico,  were  a  few  days 
after  murdered  by  the  Indians  of  Tiguex  in  the  pueblo  of  Puaray. 
These  murders  were  committed  in  the  earlier  part  of  1582.  The 
Franciscan  Fathers  at  Bartolome  soon  learned  of  the  fate  of 
these  Fathers.  Though  these  Fathers  were  the  first  to  apply  the 
name  New  Mexico  to  the  province,  they  were  not  the  originators 
of  that  title.     The  name  had  been  known  in  Mexico  since  1568. 


44  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

XVIII 

72.  Expedition  of  Deliverance. — After  Chanmscado  and  the 
other  sokliei's  had  reached  San  Bartolome  the  force  disbanded, 
Chamnscado,  Pedro  de  Bustaraente,  and  Hernando  Barrado  go- 
ing to  Mexico  City,  to  report  to  the  viceroy  the  result  of  their 
trip.  Chanmscado  died  before  reaching  Mexico ;  Bustamente 
and  Barrado  reached  the  city  in  May,  1582 ;  they  made  a  report 
of  their  discoveries  and  turned  over  the  silver  ore  to  the  royal 
assayer.  From  Barrado 's  testimony,  Mendoza  learned  of  the 
rumors  that  Fr.  Ruiz  and  his  companions  had  been  murdered. 
At  San  Bartolome  Father  Beltran,  upon  hearing  the  sad  rumors 
at  once  took  steps  to  organize  an  expedition  to  rescue  Fr.  Lopez 
and  his  companions,  if  alive.  Antonio  de  Espejo,  a  rich  noble, 
who  was  then  at  San  Bartolome,  volunteered  to  head  the  expedi- 
tion, defraying  the  expenses  himself.  The  ne.cessary  authority 
having  been  obtained.  Father  Beltran  placed  everything  in  Es- 
pejo's  hands  and  agreed  to  accompany  Espejo. 

73.  Espejo  Starts — A  Woman  in  the  Party.— Being  well  sup- 
plied with  arms,  food,  provisions,  mules,  and  horses,  Espejo 
started  from  San  Bartolome  November  10,  1582.  With  him  were 
fourteen  soldiers  whose  names  were  Juan  Lopez  de  IbaiTa,  Diego 
Perez  de  Lujan,  Gaspar  de  Lujan,  Cristobal  Sanchez,  Gregorio 
Hernandez,  Juan  Hernandez,  Miguel  Sanchez  Valenciano,  La- 
zaro  Sanchez,  Miguel  Sanchez  Nevado,  Pedro  Hernandez  de  Al- 
mansa,  Francisco  Barrado,  Bernardo  de  Luna,  and  Juan  de  Frias. 
Two  other  Franciscans,  besides  Father  Beltran,  namely.  Father 
Juan  de  la  Cruz  and  Pedro  de  Heredia,  joined  the  expedition 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  up  the  ehristianization  of  the  Indians 
with  Father  Lopez  and  his  companions,  if  found  alive,  or  by 
themselves  if  said  Fathers  had  been  murdered.  Follow^ing  the 
example  of  the  Spanish  women  Avho  fought  side  by  side  with 
their  husbands  in  the  conquest  of  Mexico  and  South  America, 
the  wife  of  Miguel  Sanchez  Valenciano,  with  her  two  sons,  ac- 
companied the  expedition. 

74.  The  Journey — Cabeza  de  Vaca. — Espejo  followed  the 
same  route  traveled  by  Father  Lopez  and  his  companions  seven- 
teen months  before.  With  one  exception,  the  Indians  along  the 
Rio  Grande  before  reaching  Tiguez,  gave  him  a  kind  reception. 
Espejo  named  the  Indian  pueblos  he  went  through  before  reach- 
ing New  Mexico  as  follows :     The  Concho  Indians,   the  Pasa- 


SPANISH  REGIME  45 

guates,  the  Tobasos,  and  the  Patarabueyes,  called  also  Jumanos. 
This  pueblo  was  close  to  the  Finos  nation.  The  Jumanos  were 
the  ones  that  opposed  with  force  the  Spaniards  in  their  march ; 
but  the  Spaniards  defeated  them  and  made  them  swear  obedi- 
ence to  the  king.  At  the  pueblo  of  Jumanos  Espejo  noticed 
that  the  Indians  made  the  sign  of  the  cross  and  prayed  with 
their  eyes  to  heaven.  On  being  asked  how  they  knew  those 
things,  they  answered  that  several  years  before  three  white  men 
and  a  negro  (Cabeza  de  Vaca  and  his  companions)  visited  them 
and  taught  them  the  knowledge  of  a  Supreme  Being  and  how  to 
talk  with  Him. 

75.  Espejo  Reaches  Tig^ex. — From  the  pueblo  Jumanos  Es- 
pejo went  direct  to  Tiguex,  which  was  near  the  Jumanos,  where 
the  Spaniards  learned  of  the  martyrdom  of  Fathers  Juan  de 
Santa  Maria,  Lopez,  and  Fr.  Rodriguez  (Ruiz).  The  Indians 
of  Puaray,  fearing  Espejo 's  punishment  for  having  killed  the 
Fathers,  deserted  the  pueblo,  going  to  the  nearby  mountains, 
and  leaving  in  their  homes  gi*eat  quantities  of  provisions,  many 
turkeys,  and  some  rich  metals.  Here  the  Spaniards  remained 
for  several  days  before  they  made  up  their  minds  as  to  whether 
they  should  return  or  explore  the  country.  Espejo  finally  got 
his  companions  to  agree  to  further  explorations. 

XIX 

76.  Espejo  Explores — New  Mexico's  New  Name. — Fixing 
his  headquarters  at  Puaray,  Espejo  began  an  exploration  of  the 
entire  province,  which  he  named  Nueva  Andalucia.  At  Zuiii,  he 
found  the  Mexican  Indians  that  had  remained  there  from  Coron- 
ado's  expedition,  forty-one  years  before;  also  the  crosses  left 
by  Coronado.  Here  Espejo  was  informed  that  rich  metals  ex- 
isted some  seventy  days'  travel  to  the  west.  Coronado  had  made 
a  trip  to  the  locality  wiiere  he  was  informed  the  gold  and  silver 
metals  could  be  found.  He  found  the  place  near  the  Gila  River, 
some  135  miles  from  Zuni. 

77.  Rich  Ore  Found — Father  Beltran's  Return. — The  mines 
first  discovered  by  Espejo 's  men  were  valuable.  Espejo  says 
that  he  drew  out  with  his  own  hands  very  rich  ores.  Espejo 
then  returned  to  Zuni,  where  Father  Beltran  and  some  of  the 
soldiers,  who  already  had  made  up  their  minds  to  return  to 
Mexico,  were  waiting  for  him.     Espejo  did  not  object  to  the  re- 


46  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

turn  of  Father  Beltran  and  others  who  wanted  to  go.  The 
party  was  divided,  Espejo  and  eight  soldiers  remaining  in  New 
Mexico,  and  the  Fathers  with  the  rest  of  the  men  returning  to 
San  Bartoloine.     This  was  in  May,  1583. 

78.  Espejo  Finds  More  Mines. — The  separation  effected,  Es- 
pejo visited  all  the  pueblos  in  the  province  of  the  Queres,  which 
he  called  Cumanes.  Here  again  Espejo  found  rich  silver  and 
gold  ore  in  the  mountains  near  Zia.  From  there  he  traveled 
in  an  easterly  direction,  visiting  the  other  pueblos  as  far  as  the 
pueblo  of  the  Tanos  (now  in  ruins  near  the  place  where  the  town 
of  Galisteo,  Santa  Fe  County,  stands),  at  which  place  he  became 
convinced  that  further  explorations  with  such  a  small  number 
of  men  was  dangerous,  and  concluded  to  retrace  his  steps  to- 
wards San  Bartolome,  and  tit  out  another  and  larger  expedition 
to  colonize  the  country,  in  which  efforts  he  failed  after  his  return 
to  San  Bartolome. 

79.  Espejo 's  Return. — In  the  earlier  part  of  July,  1583,  af- 
ter having  received  the  submission  of  all  the  Indians  in  New 
Mexico,  Espejo  started  back  to  Mexico  from  the  Tanos  pueblo, 
going  by  way  of  the  Rio  de  las  Vacas,  which  name  the  Span- 
iards gave  to  the  Pecos  River,  on  account  of  the  very  large 
number  of  bisons  (buffalo)  found  near  it,  and  arriving  at  San 
Bartolome  the  next  month,  August,  where  he  found  Father 
Beltran  and  the  rest  of  the  party.  Thus  it  was  that  after  twelve 
months  spent  in  the  expedition,  its  object  was  not  accomplished ; 
yet  the  result  was  beneficial  because  of  the  discovery  of  more 
mines,  and  because  of  the  spiritual  good  done  by  the  Fathers 
among  the  Indians.  Espejo  made  further  efforts  to  obtain  au- 
thority from  the  king  for  another  expedition  to  colonize  the 
country,  but  failed,  as  was  the  case  with  the  efforts  made  by  Cris- 
toval  Martin  and  others.  These  efforts  failed  because  Francisco 
Diaz  de  Vargas,  to  whom  the  king  referred  the  petitions  of 
Espejo  and  the  others,  reported  adversely. 

XX 

80.  Contention  Between  Lomas  and  Velasco. — In  the  year 
1589,  Juan  Bautista  de  Lomas  y  Colmenares  had  obtained  from 
Viceroy  Villamanrique  authority  to  conquer  and  colonize  New 
Mexico  at  his  own  expense ;  but  the  king  not  approving  De  Lo- 
mas's  petition,  the  effort  failed.     In  1592  the  new'  viceroy,  Velas- 


HAND     WRITTEN     BALLOT 

Above  is  a  list  of  officials  elected  by  the  electoral  college  in  Santa 
Fe  on  the  7th  of  October,  1845.  The  first  two  names  are  the 
ones  elected  as  the  regular  diputado  (delegate)  and  his  proxy. 
The  five  names  following  are  of  those  elected  as  the  regular  mem- 
bers of  the  Departmental  Assembly  and  the  last  three  were  elected 
as  proxies.  The  original  is  in  the  possession  of  the  author  of 
this   work 


48  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

CO,  granted  Francisco  de  Urdiilola  authority  to  conciuer  New 
Mexico.  This  effort  failed  also  by  reason  of  Urdinola's  arrest 
on  the  complaint  of  De  Lomas,  charging  him  with  the  murder 
of  his  (Urdinola's)  wife.  De  Lomas  made  another  effort  in  1595 
before  Viceroy  Monterey  with  the  same  result:  a  failure. 

81.  Castaiio  De  Sosa. — In  the  year  1590,  there  lived  in  the 
city  of  San  Luis  Potosi  a  man  of  great  prestige,  with  a  brilliant 
military  record.  lie  was  the  mayor  of  the  city,  a  noble,  and 
very  wealthy.  The  reports  constantly  made  of  the  fabulous 
riches  said  to  exist  in  New  Mexico  enthused  him  to  the  point  of 
seeing  and  colonizing  the  newly  discovered  country.  Without 
asking  the  king's  authority  he  began  to  organize  an  expedition 
at  his  own  cost,  gathering  in  men,  women,  and  children,  some 
170  persons,  besides  wagons,  horses,  mules,  sheep,  and  cattle, 
and  all  other  things  necessary  for  the  founding  of  colonies. 

82.  The  Entry — De  Sosa's  Success. — Castaiio  de  Sosa  started 
with  his  colonists  from  San  Luis  Potosi  July  27,  1590.  His 
route  was  partly  along  the  Rio  Grande  and  partly  along  the  Pecos 
River,  which  he  called  Rio  Salado  (Salt  River).  He  visited  all 
the  pueblos  of  New  Mexico ;  was  kindly  received  by  all  of  them 
except  one,  where  he  had  to  use  force  to  overcome  the  resistance 
shown  by  its  inhabitants.  It  was  Castaiio  de  Sosa  who  in  1590 
established  among  the  Pueblo  Indians  of  New  Mexico  the  pecu- 
liar form  of  government  which  they  have  to  this  date.  He  was 
arrested  in  the  pueblo  of  Cochiti,  1590,  by  Captain  Juan  Moreie, 
who  had  been  sent  wdth  an  escort  of  soldiers  by  the  viceroy  for 
that  purpose,  and  was  taken  back  to  Mexico  with  the  rest  of  the 
party. 

83.  Humana  and  Bonilla. — Juan  de  Humana  and  a  Portu- 
guese named  Francisco  Leyva  Bonilla,  acting  without  any  re- 
quired authority,  and  while  Castaiio  de  Sosa  was  in  New  Mexico, 
together  with  other  adventurers  and  some  Mexican  Indians, 
penetrated  into  the  Gran  Quivira  countiy  and  discovered  great 
quantities  of  gold,  but  on  their  return  Humana  and  Bonilla  quar- 
reled, Humaria  killing  Bonilla  and  being  himself  killed  by  the 
Quivira  Indians  with  the  entire  party,  except  one  of  the  Mexican 
Indians,  named  Jusepe,  who  escaped  and  came  to  Tiguez  in  New 
Mexico,  where  he  was  found  in  1598,  by  Oiiate,  and  told  the  story 
of  the  fate  of  Humaiia  's  expedition. 


CHAPTER  VI 

XXI 

84.  The  First  Conquest — Onate. — For  several  years  after  Cas- 
taiio  de  Sosa's  entry  nothing  more  was  done  to  concjuer  New 
Mexico,  although  the  country  was  ripe  for  its  accomplishment. 
In  the  year  1585,  there  lived  in  Mexico  Juan  de  Oiiate,  great- 
grandson  of  Herutin  Cortes,  the  con(iueror  of  Mexico,  and  of 
Montezuma,  Mexico's  Indian  emperor  at  the  time  of  Cortes' 
conquest  of  that  country.  Don  Juan  de  Oiiate  was  the  son  of 
Don  Cristobal  Ofiate  (who  during  the  conquest  of  Mexico  was 
one  of  the  most  famous  of  Cortes'  captains,  and  afterwards 
founder  of  the  city  of  Zacatecas)  and  of  Doiia  Isabel  Tolosa, 
granddaughter  of  Cortes  and  great-granddaughter  of  Montezu- 
ma. Thus  it  Avas  that  New  Mexico's  first  conqueror  was  of  noble 
descent  on  his  father's  and  on  his  mother's  side.  With  all  that, 
he  was  very  cruel  to  his  conquered  fellow-Indians  in  New  Mex- 
ico. Don  Juan  de  Oiiate  had  a  high  military  reputation  and  was 
immensely  wealthy.  These  circumstances  contributed  largely  to 
his  success  in  conquering  New  Mexico. 

85.  Onate 's  Efforts — His  Enemies. — In  the  year  1595,  the 
25th  of  September,  Onate  presented  his  petition  to  Viceroy  Velas- 
co,  agreeing  to  defray  all  the  expenses  and  to  furnish  soldiers, 
colonists,  and  all  things  necessary  for  an  effective  conquest.  In 
return  he  asked  to  be  made  governor  and  captain-general,  with  a 
salary  of  8000  ducats  (about  $20,000  ;  that  he  be  given  a  ninety- 
mile  grant  of  the  conquered  land  and,  further,  that  he  and  his 
descendants  be  made  hijos  dalgos  (nobles).  He  also  asked  for  a 
loan  of  $20,000.  Yelasco  approved  Oiiate 's  petition  on  the  24th 
of  August,  the  same  year,  granting  everything  he  asked.  While 
Onate,  assisted  by  his  ])rothers,  Fernando  and  Cristoval,  and  his 
nephews,  Juan  and  Vicente  Zaldivar,  were  organizing  the  expedi- 
tion, his  enemies  were  at  work  with  Viceroy  ]\Ionterey,  Velasco's 
successor,  trying  to  annul  Ofiate 's  authority  and  to  have  Pedro 
Ponce  de  Leon  appointed  in  his  place,  in  which  they  partially 
succeeded. 


50  HISTORY  ( )F  NEW  MEXICO 

86.  The  Fight  and  Its  Result. — On  ate  was  about  to  start  with 
his  expedition  ffoiu  Santa  r>arl)ara  when  a  royal  decree  reached 
him  to  suspend  the  exi)edition  and  to  appear  before  the  viceroy 
to  answer  the  charges  filed  against  liini.  Tliis  was  in  May,  1596. 
Witliout  advising  bis  soldiers  and  colonists  of  what  had  happened, 
Oilate  took  up  the  fight,  retaining  his  army  and  headquarters  at 
Santa  Barbara  for  the  eighteen  months  it  took  him  to  overcome 
the  charges,  and  have  his  appointment  confirmed.  This  he 
achieved  in  December,  1597,  and  at  once  made  ready  for  his 
memoral)le  march. 

87!  The  Start  and  Entry.— Early  on  the  26th  of  January, 
1598,  Ofiate  started  from  San  Bartolome  with  a  party  of  400,  of 
which  number  130  were  colonists  with  their  families;  the  rest 
were  soldiers,  servants,  eleven  Franciscan  Fathers  and  three 
Franciscan  Brothers.  The  Fathers  were  Fr.  Alonzo  Martinez 
(superior),  Fr.  Marquez,  Fr.  Francisco  Zamora,  Fr.  Juan  Rosas, 
Fr.  Alonzo  Lugo,  Fr.  Francisco  de  San  Miguel,  Fr.  Andres  Cor- 
chado,  Fr.  Juan  de  San  Buenaventura,  Fr.  Pedro  Vergara,  Fr. 
Cristoval  Salazar,  and  Fr.  Juan  Claros.  The  three  lay  brothers 
were  Martin,  Francisco,  and  Juan  de  Dios.  The  names  of  the 
officers  were,  besides  the  governor,  Don  Cristoval  de  Oiiate,  the 
eighteen-year  old  son  of  the  governor,  who  was  appointed  by  his 
father  as  lieutenant-governor ;  Juan  de  Zaldivar,  aide-de-camp ; 
Vicente  Zaldivar,  chief  sergeant;  Gaspar  de  Villagra  (who  in 
1610  published  in  Spain,  in  epic  form,  the  first  history  of  New 
Mexico  entitled,  Ilistoria  de  lu  Nuevoa  Mexico),  solicitor  general; 
and  Pablo  Aguilar  Aranjo,  Ascencion  de  Archuleta,  Ayarde, 
Dionicio  Barruelos,  Juan  Benitez,  Divero  Alonzo  Quezada,  Juan 
Gutierres,  Juan  Pinero,  Marcelo  Espinosa,  Farfan  de  los  Godos, 
Diego  Landin,  Geronimo  Marquez,  Diego  Nunez,  Bernabe  de  las 
Casas,  Geronimo  de  Ileredia,  and  Leon  Zapata,  as  subordinate 
officers.  Ohate  brought  along  7,000  head  of  cattle  and  eighty- 
three  wagons  with  provisions  and  tools. 

88,  Ofiate  Takes  Possession  of  New  Mexico. — The  expedition 
reached  the  Conchos  River  on  the  7th  of  February.  From  the 
Conchos  he  took  a  short  ciit,  and  was  lost  for  four  days,  during 
w^hich  time  all  suffered  greatly  for  lack  of  water.  On  the  fourth 
day  they  reached  the  Rio  Grande.  This  great  river  was  forded 
with  much  difficulty,  and  the  march  continued  on  the  east  side  of 
the  stream  until  April  30,  1598,  when  Onate  encamped  near  the 
Rio  Grande,  some  few  miles  below  the  place  where  the  town  of 


SPANISH  RP^GIME 


51 


San  Marcial  stands  today.  Here,  and  on  that  day,  he  took 
formal  and  solemn  possession  of  the  eountiy,  and  then  continued 
his  march  into  the  interior,  along  the  east  shore  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  visiting  all  the  pueblos  on  his  route  until  he  reached 


GENERAL  MANUEL  ARMIJO 
New   Mexico's   last    Governor   under    Mexican    Autliority 

the  Tiguex  province,  stopping  in  the  pueblo  of  Puaray,  where 
he  found  painted  on  the  wall  of  one  of  the  rooms  a  picture  of 
the  torture  suffered  by  Fathers  Francisco  Lopez  and  his  com- 
panions seventeen  years  before.  In  Puaray,  Onate  met  the 
Mexican  Indian,  Jusepe,  the  only  survivor  of  the  Humaiia  ex- 


52  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

pedition  and  learned  fi-oui  him  of  the  riches  of  the  Qiiivira,  and 
the  fatal  endiiifi:  of  lluinana  and  his  people. 

89.  New  Mexico's  First  Colony — San  Juan  de  los  Cabal- 
leros. — h'rom  l^uai-ay,  Ofiale  eontinued  his  inarch  to  the  north, 
visiting  all  the  pneblos  on  the  east  side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  until 
he  reached  the  pueblo  of  San  Juan  de  los  Caballeros  (then  known 
as  Caypa)  July  11,  1598.  Because  of  the  hospitality  with  which 
the  Caypa  Indians  received  the  Spaniards,  Oiiate  gave  that 
pueblo  the  name  of  San  Juan  de  Los  Caballeros  (St.  John  of  the 
Gentlemen).  A  short  distance  south  of  this  pueblo,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Oiiate  established  his  first  provisional 
colony  and  named  it  San  Gabriel,  parceled  out  lots  among  the 
colonists,  built  a  chapel  for  the  Indians,  and  received  the  sub- 
mission of  nearly  all  the  pueblos  through  their  respective  govern- 
ors, who  had,  in  obedience  to  Onate  's  order,  gathered  at  the  pueblo 
of  San  Juan  for  that  purpose.  Oiiate  then  divided  the  pueblos 
into  missions  and  assigned  priests  to  each  mission  as  follows : 
Father  Miguel  to  Cicuye  (Pecos)  ;  Fr.  Zamora  to  the  Queres  and 
Tiguex  provinces ;  Fr.  Lugo  to  the  Jemez  province ;  Fr.  Cor- 
chado  to  the  Zia  pueblos,  and  Fr.  Cristoval  to  the  Teguas  pro- 
vince, with  headquarters  at  San  Juan.  The  Tegua  province  em- 
braced all  the  pueblos  north  of  Santo  Domingo  on  either  side  of 
the  Rio  Grande. 

XXII 

90.  Discovery  of  the  Jemez  Hot  Springs — Foundation  of  the 
First  City  and  Capital. — After  having  remained  for  a  consider- 
able time  at  San  Gabriel,  Onate  thought  it  was  time  to  select  a 
site  for  a  city  which  was  to  be  the  capital.  Accordingly,  on 
July  13,  1599,  he  started  on  a  visit  to  all  the  pueblos  from  Taos 
to  Cicuye  and  Jemez,  without  finding  a  suitable  place  for  the 
purpose.  During  that  trip  Onate  discovered  the  famous  sulphur 
and  hot  springs  a  few  miles  above  the  pueblo  of  Jemez.  On  the 
10th  of  August  he  returned  to  San  Gabriel  and  reported  the 
result  of  his  explorations.  It  was  then  unanimously  resolved  to 
build  the  capital  city  at  the  place  where  they  had  provisionally 
settled.  It  was  so  built  and  named  San  Francisco  and  was 
given  an  organized  municipal  government. 

91.  Conspiracy  of  AguUar. — By  the  time  the  Spaniards  first 
reached  San  Juan,  great  discontent  existed  among  them  for 
want  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  on  account  of  Oiiate 's  ar- 


SPANISH  REGIME  53 

rogance  and  despotism.  Captain  Agnilar,  with  forty-five  sol- 
diers, had  secretly  planned  a  seditious  movement,  which  cul- 
minated in  a  mutiny  in  which  the  conspirators  were  defeated. 
Aguilar  and  most  of  his  followers  having  implored  Ofiate's  par- 
don, were  forgiven,  but  four  of  the  conspirators  escaped,  taking 
with  them  several  horses.  They  were  pursued  by  a  sciuad  of 
soldiers  under  Captains  Villagra  and  Marquez  and  two  of  them 
(together  with  the  stolen  horses)  were  captured,  the  men  being 
executed  by  strangulation  near  Santa  Barbara. 

!>2.  Ofiate's  Trip  to  the  Gulf  of  California — Third  Discovery 
of  Mines. — Wliih'  ]\Iar(|ue/  and  ViUagi-a  were  absent,  in  pursuit 
of  the  four  fugitives,  Onate,  accompanied  by  Fr.  Martinez  (the 
superior),  Captains  Farfan  and  Quezada  and  some  soldiers,  made 
a  western  trip  with  the  object  of  discovering  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  some  rich  mines  which  they  had  heard  existed  near 
Moqui.  They  discovered  the  mines  west  of  Moqui  and  saw  that 
other  Spaniards  (Espejo)  had  already  worked  them.  Before 
leaving  the  settlement  Oiiate  had  sent  Vicente  Zaldivar  to  ex- 
plore the  Quivira  country  and  left  Juan  Zaldivar  in  charge  of 
the  colonies,  to  whom  he  sent  instructions  to  turn  the  govern- 
ment over  to  his  brother,  Vicente  Zaldivar,  upon  his  return  from 
Quivira,  and  for  him,  Juan  Zaldivar,  to  follow  Onate.  Discord 
had  now  become  general  among  the  colonists,  and  Juan  Zaldivar 
was  on  that  account  unable  to  comply  with  Oiiate 's  order  as 
soon  as  he  wished,  but  did  so  M-ithout  much  loss  of  time,  leaving 
with  thirty  soldiers  for  Zuiii,  w^here  Onate  was  waiting  for  him, 
November  18,  1599.  In  the  mean  time  Villagra  and  his  com- 
panions were  returning  to   the  settlement. 

93.  Treasonable  Acomas — Death  of  Juan  Zaldivar. — On 
reaching  the  pueblo  of  Acoma,  Juan  Zaldivar  encamped  at  the 
foot  of  the  stone  mesa,  December  3d,  and  the  next  day,  acceed- 
ing  to  the  urgent  invitations  of  the  Indians,  he,  with  six  soldiers, 
went  up  the  mesa  into  the  pueblo.  The  moment  he  was  within 
the  entrance  to  the  pueblo  the  Indians,  in  large  numbers,  rushed 
upon  Zaldivar  and  three  of  the  soldiers  that  were  with  him,  the 
other  three  having  remained  at  the  entrance.  Zaldivar  and  the 
three  soldiers  fought  desperately,  hand  to  hand,  but  soon 
perished.  The  three  soldiers  at  the  entrance  at  once  rushed 
back  to  the  camp  and  informed  their  companions  of  what  had 
happened.  The  soldiers  at  the  camp  at  once  sent  two  couriers 
with  the  news,  one  to  Ofiate  and  one  to  the  settlement.     Upon 


54 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


receiving  the  bad  news  Ofiate  abandoned  his  trip  to  the  Gulf 
and  returned  to  the  settlement  with  his  men  and  with  Juan 
Zaldivar's  squad,  in  order  to  take  steps  for  the  punishment  of 
the  treasonable  Acomas. 

94.  Fathers  Advise  War  Against  the  Acomas. — Once  back 
in  the  settlement,  Ofiate  asked  the  Franciscan  Fathers  for  an 
immediate  opinion  on  the  causes  that  w'ould  justify  a  declaration 
of  war  against  the  Acomas.  The  Franciscans  held  a  consulta- 
tion. After  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  killing  of  Zaldivar 
and  the  three  soldiers,  and  in  a  very  able  document  (published 
in  full  in  Read's  Illustrated  Histonj  of  New  Mexico)  they  in- 
formed Onate  of  all  justifiable  grounds  for  a  war.  The  opinion 
fitted  the  treasonable  conduct  of  the  Acomas.     It  is  signed,  ' '  Fray 

Alonzo  Martinez,  Apostolic 
Commisary. ' '  Ofiate  lost 
no  time  in  fitting  an  expe- 
dition composed  of  the 
cream  of  his  army,  with 
eight  of  the  most  distin- 
guished of  his  captains,  un- 
der Vicente  Zaldivar,  who 
was  thought  the  proper 
person  to  avenge  the  death 
of  his  brother  and  country- 
men, with  seventy  soldiers. 

XXIII 

95.     The  March  to  Aco- 

ma. — The  preparation  for 
a  vigorous  campaign  being 
completed,  the  little  army 
of  seventy-eight  set  out  on 
a  war  expedition,  to  give 
battle  to  a  pueblo  defend- 
ed by  the  impregnable 
Acomo  rock  and  6,000  sav- 
age Indians.  Oiiate  gave 
to  Vicente  Zaldivar  eight 
of  his  most  famed  captains, 
namely,  Zubia,  Romero,  Aguilar,  Farfan,  Villagra,  Marquez, 
Juan  Cortez,  and  Juan  Velarde.     The  soldiers  and  officers  were 


CHARLES  BENT 

First   Governor   under   the   American 

Government 


SPANISH  REGIME  55 

all  well  mounted.  January  12,  1599,  the  attacking  army  left 
the  settlement  for  Acoma  and  arrived  at  the  Acoma  Rock  on 
the  21st. 

96.  Zaldivar's  Effort  to  Avoid  Battle  Fail. — The  same  day 
Vicente  Zaldivar  got  things  in  readiness  for  the  storming  of  the 
pueblo,  but  thought  it  more  advisable,  in  order  to  avoid  the  shed- 
ding of  blood,  to  demand  first  the  surrender  of  the  Indians  who 
had  murdered  Juan  Zaldivar  and  his  soldiers.  He  accordingly 
sent  a  messenger  to  the  Indian  governor,  who  for  answer  scorned 
the  messenger  and  told  him  to  tell  the  Spaniards  that  they 
would  all  be  killed  if  they  dared  to  assault  the  pueblo.  The 
answer  inflamed  the  spirits  of  the  Spaniards  and  the  order  was 
given  to  storm  the  pueblo  at  daylight  the  next  day,  January  22d. 

97.  The  Assault — Fall  of  Acoma — Schools  Established. — 
At  peep  of  day  (January  22d)  the  Spaniards  made  the  assault, 
and  before  midda.y  they  had  gained  the  entrance  to  the  pueblo, 
for  which  they  had  to  fight  inch  by  inch.  Once  inside  of  the 
pueblo  the  battle  raged  furiously  all  day,  the  Spaniards  gain- 
ing more  and  more  until  darkness  compelled  both  sides  to  cease 
fighting.  The  next  day  at  dawn,  the  Spaniards  renewed  the  as- 
sault, fighting  that  day  and  the  next  so  fiercely  that,  notwith- 
standing the  great  odds  they  were  fighting  against,  by  midday 
the  24th  the  Indians  had  been  completely  overcome,  600  of  them 
surrendering ;  the  rest,  with  their  families,  fleeing  from  one  place 
to  another,  were  either  killed  or  captured.  The  loss  of  the 
Spaniards  was  considerable,  and  that  of  the  Indians  very  great. 
The  surrender  of  the  Acomas  placed  the  wdiole  province  of  New 
Mexico  in  the  complete  control  of  the  Spaniards,  who  then  turned 
their  attention  to  the  advancement  of  the  colony.  The  Fran- 
ciscans, on  the  return  of  the  Acoma  expedition,  at  once  estab- 
lished in  most  of  the  pueblos  schools  for  the  teaching  of  reading, 
writing,  agriculture,  music,  carpentry,  and  other  arts,  this  being 
in  February  and  March,  1599. 


CHAPTER  VII 

XXIV 

98.  Report  and  Requisition. — Satisfied  with  tlic  victory  of 
the  Spanish  arms  over  the  I'elx'l lions  Aconuis,  Onate  tiiouglit  it 
proper  to  report  to  the  royal  authorities  tiie  result  of  his  journey 
and  to  ask  for  reenforcenients  in  order  to  continue  the  conquest 
of  the  Quivira  country.  He  wrote  a  report  giving  the  details  of 
all  his  achievements,  sending  one  copy  each  to  the  King  of 
Spain  and  the  viceroy  in  Mexico.  In  March,  1599,  Don  Vicente 
Zaldivar  nuide  the  trip  to  Spain,  and  Captains  Villagra,  Farfan, 
and  Pinero  went  to  the  City  of  Mexico.  Fathers  Martinez  and 
Salazar  accomi^anied  the  captains,  to  bring  more  priests  and  to 
expose  the  criminal  conduct  of  Oiiate,  which  had  already  become 
intolerable,  both  in  his  private  and  in  his  ])ubHc  official  life. 

99.  Sad  Situation  of  the  Colonists — Onate 's  Despotism. — 
The  departure  of  the  emissaries  to  Spain  and  Mexico  left  only 
100  soldiers  to  retain  control  of  New  ]\Iexico,  and  a  very  scant 
quantity  of  provisions.  The  condition  of  the  colonists  was 
pitiable;  they  had  little  to  eat  and  as  they  had  no  crops  the  year 
before  they  were  constrained  to  partake  of  what  little  corn  the 
Indians  had,  which  did  not  last  long.  In  the  meantime  Oiiate 
was  occupied  wdth  efforts  to  enhance  his  military  fame  and  dis- 
cover mines,  regardless  of  the  suffering  he  was  causing  the 
colonists  and  the  Indians  by  his  neglecting  them.  The  Fathers, 
seeing  that  Oiiate 's  heart  had  become  hardened  by  his  licentious 
life  and  insatiable  thirst  for  gold,  reprimanded  him,  but  that 
only  resulted  in  his  becoming  a  true  despot  and  taking  every- 
thing the  colonists  and  the  Indians  had,  in  provisions  and  cloth- 
ing, to  give  to  the  soldiers  that  were  to  accompany  him  to  the 
Gran  Quivira,  a  journey  he  was  about  to  undertake. 

100.  Oiiate 's  journey  to  Quivira — Battle  with  the  Escan- 
jaque  Indians. — Infatuated  by  Jusepe's  exaggerated  reports  of 
the  riches  of  Quivira,  Oiiate  closed  his  eyes  to  everything  else 
and  organized  his  expedition  to  the  country  of  his  dreams,  and 
set  out  in  June,  1601,  taking  with  him  all  the  soldiers,  including 


SPANISH  REGIME  57 

the  reeiiforcemeiits  lie  had  received  the  year  before  from  Mexico, 
and  Fathers  Vehisco  and  Vergara  and  the  Indian  Jusepe.  On 
reacliing  Quivira,  he  found  the  Quiviras  at  war  with  the  Es- 
canjaque  Indians,  their  neighbors.  One  of  the  priests  under- 
took to  reconcile  the  warring  tribes  and  was  assaulted  by  one 
of  the  Escanjaques,  whereupon  the  Spaniards  rushed  to  his  de- 
fense, thus  precipitating  one  of  the  most  disastrous  battles  of 
those  times.  The  battle  lasted  the  entir-e  day  with  a  loss  of 
1,000  Indians  and  a  few  wounded  Spaniards.  On  account  of  the 
fierceness  of  the  battle,  the  Spaniards  called  the  place  El  Llano 
de  la  Matanza  (The  Plain  of  the  Massacre).  Not  finding  the 
gold  he  was  seeking,  Onate  in  October  returned  to  the  settlement 
and  found  the  colony  almost  deserted,  the  greater  part  of  the 
colonists  and  Franciscans  having  gone  back  to  Mexico  rather 
than  starve  to  death. 

XXV 

101.  Charges  Against  Onate. — For  the  reasons  above  stated, 
Father  Juan  de  Escalon,  who  had  succeeded  Father  Martinez, 
wrote  to  the  mother-house  on  October  1,  1601,  a  very  strong 
letter  against  Onate.  It  was  a  severe  arraignment,  a  shocking 
exposure  of  Onate 's  conduct,  and  a  full  report  of  the  conquest 
and  success  of  the  labors  of  the  Franciscans  to  that  date.  This 
letter  was  taken  to  Mexico  by  Fathers  de  San  ]\Iiguel,  de  Zamora, 
Izquierdo,  Gaston,  and  Peralta,  who  accompanied  the  colonists 
back  to  Mexico.  (That  letter  and  another  written  at  Santa 
Barbara  by  Fr.  de  San  Miguel  will  be  found  in  Read's  Illus- 
trated Hisiory  of  New  Mexico,  pp.  237-242.) 

102.  Zaldivar  Defended  Onate — Royal  Decree. — In  Spain, 
Zaldivar  defended  his  uncle  Onate.  The  hearing  and  investiga- 
tion resulted  in  a  reconciliation  and  the  issuing  of  a  decree  by 
the  king,  dated  at  San  Lorenzo,  Spain,  July  8,  1602,  by  which 
the  conquest  was  officially  acknowledged.  Oiiate  and  his  rela- 
tives, together  with  all  his  soldiers  and  colonists,  were  given  the 
rank  of  nobility;  more  Fathers,  more  soldiers,  and  an  abundance 
of  provisions  were  sent  to  New  Mexico.  These  reenforcements 
and  supplies  reached  the  settlement  in  New  Mexico  the  earlier 
part  of  1604,  restoring  thus  the  much  needed  harmony  and  as- 
suring the  development  of  the  country. 

103.  Onate 's  Visit  to  the  Gulf.— In  October,  1604,  Father 
Francisco   Escobar    (who  had  succeeded  Fr.   Escalona),  Onate, 


SPANISH  REGIME  59 

and  the  other  Franciscans,  agreed  on  a  friendly  settlement  of 
their  ditificulties,  which  resulted  in  Father  Escobar  consenting 
to  acouipany  Onate  on  his  journey  to  the  Gulf  of  California, 
which  Onate  was  about  to  undertake.  Accordingly,  October  7th, 
Oiiate  set  out  from  the  settlement  with  thirty  soldiers  and 
Fathers  Escobar  and  Buena  Ventura,  visiting  Acoma,  Zuni,  and 
Moqui,  and  traveling  over  practically  the  same  path  traversed 
by  Cardenas  thirty  years  before,  when  he  discovered  the  Colo- 
rado River.  On  the  28th  of  January,  1605,  Onate  arrived  at 
the  Colorado  River  and  gave  it  the  name  of  Rio  Grande  de  Buena 
Esperanza  (Large  River  of  Good  Hope).  Following  the  course 
of  the  river,  he  reached  the  Gulf  on  the  25tli  of  February  and 
named  the  harbor  Puerto  de  la  Conversion  de  San  Pablo  (Port 
of  Saint  Paul's  Conversion).  For  several  months  Ofiate  occu- 
pied himself  resting  and  making  explorations  from  the  Gulf,  re- 
turning to  the  settlement  April  25,  1605,  where  he  remained  un- 
til the  following  year. 

104.  Founding  of  Santa  Fe. — In  1606  Onate,  with  nearly  all 
the  colonists,  moved  to  the  site  where  Santa  Fe  is  today,  and  at 
once  founded  the  village  which  has  from  that  date  been  the 
capital  of  New-  Mexico.  Oiiate,  after  founding  the  city,  built 
the  palace  and  the  chapel  of  San  Miguel,  both  buildings  being 
in  use  to  this  day,  the  chapel  being  used  by  the  Christian 
Brothers,  and  the  palace  being  used  by  the  archaeological  and 
historical  societies,  after  having  served  for  centuries  as  the  of- 
ficial residence  of  the  governors  under  the  Spanish,  the  Mexican, 
and  the  American  governments.  Oiiate  ceased  to  be  governor  in 
1608,  and  was  succeeded  by  Don  Pedro  de  Peralta. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

XXVI 

105.  Good  Work  of  the  Fathers — Troublesome  Governor. — 
With  the  advent  of  Govenioi-  Peralta  the  Fi-aiiciseans  renewed 
their  efforts  to  spread  Chi-istiaiiity  and  civilization  among  the 
Indians.  Their  work  was  giving  good  results,  the  nuiuber  ol" 
conversions  from  151)8  to  1608  having  i-eached  8,000,  so  that  when 
tile  new  commissary  (superior),  Father  Peinado,  with  nine  otiier 
missionaries,  came  with  Peralta,  he  found  in  New  Mexico  a  good 
field,  so  far  as  the  Indians  were  concerned,  but  the  Spaniards 
had  almost  disappeared.  In  1617  the  entire  Spanish  population 
was  reduced  to  forty-seven  men,  between  soldiers  and  colonists. 
Governor  Peralta  at  this  time  was  ruling  the  Indians  despotically, 
until  the  Franciscans  could  stand  it  no  longer,  the  trouble  cul- 
minating in  1620  in  a  decree  of  excommunication  issued  by 
Father  Peinado  against  Peralta,  from  which  the  governor  ap- 
pealed to  Mexico,  the  affair  terminating  in  a  reprimand  to  the 
governor  by  the  viceroy  and  Fr.  Peinado 's  censure  by  his  su- 
perior, and  the  removal  of  both,  Father  Geronimo  Zarate  Sal- 
meron  (famed  historian)  succeeding  Peinado  and  Felipe  Zotylo 
succeeding  Peralta.     This  happened  in  1621. 

106.  Father  Benavides's  Report. — Fr.  Alonzo  Benavides,  first 
regular  commissary  (custodio),  succeeded  Salmeron  in  1626,  and 
he  gave  the  province  a  great  forward  impulse  in  the  year  1630 
by  appearing  in  person  before  the  king  in  Madrid,  Spain,  and 
presenting  a  complete  and  comprehensive  memorial  which  showed 
the  true  condition  of  things  in  New  Mexico.  Father  Benavides's 
report  (published  as  Appendix  I  in  Read's  lUusfratrd  Histor]i 
of  New  Mexico)  shows  that  he  had  visited  all  of  New  ]\Iexico  and 
the  Gran  Quivira,  of  which  country  he  gives  a  complete  and 
very  interesting  description,  mentioning  its  riches,  inhabitants, 
latitude,  and  topography,  and  describing  the  sufferings  he  and 
his  companions  had  to  undergo  while  preaching  the  gospel  to 
those  far-off  wild  tribes  of  savages.  Regarding  New  Mexico 
proper,  Father  Benavides's  report  shows  that  there  were  in  16-30 


SPANISH  REGIME  61 

fifty  Franciscans  scattered  amoii^  the  Pueblo  Tiidians  and  the 
savage  tribes  in  New  ^Mexico  and  Quivira :  that  more  than  7,000 
Indians  liad  been  converted;  that  there  were  twenty-five  missions 
with  an  industrial  school  and  a  church  in  each  niis.sion;  that  the 
ecclesiastical,  the  military,  and  the  civil  governments  were  sup- 
ported by  the  voluntary  contributions  of  the  Indians  and  the 
Spaniards,  which  consisted  of  a  share  each  man  gave  of  his 
harvest  and  stock;  that  the  capital,  Santa  Fe,  had  a  population 
of  250  Spanish  families  and  that  the  province  Avas  being  de- 
veloped by  the  fruitful  efforts  of  the  missionaries  with  the  co- 
operation of  the  colonists. 

107.  Zotylo  and  His  Successors. — Zotylo  was  succeeded  in 
1629  by  Governor  Manuel  Silva,  who  in  1640  was  followed  by 
Fernando  de  Argliello  and  next  by  Luis  Rosas,  in  1641.  Noth- 
ing important  happened  during  the  occupancy  of  the  last  named 
governors,  except  an  occasional  fight  with  the  Apache  or  the 
Comanche  tribes,  but  the  feeling  against  the  Spaniards  was  bitter 
among  the  Pueblo  Indians,  who  were  given  daily  proofs  that 
they  were  not  any  longer  the  friends  of  their  conquerors.  Here 
and  there  indications  of  a  coming  uprising  were  observed,  the 
Franciscans  being  the  first  to  suffer  the  consequences,  as  they 
W'ere  the  first  to  be  killed. 

XXVII 

108.  Murder  of  Fathers  Arvide,  Letrado,  and  Porras. — The 

hatred  of  the  Indians  against  the  Spaniards,  caused  by  the  in- 
human holocaust  consummated  by  Cardenas  in  1540,  and  fanned 
by  Onate's  cruel  conduct,  1598-1606,  had  ripened  into  a  general 
conspiracy  to  annihilate  the  Spaniards.  The  saintly  Francis- 
cans, being  more  exposed  to  this  danger,  on  account  of  their  re- 
siding alone  among  the  Indians,  Avere  the  first  victims.  In  the 
earlier  part  of  the  year  1632,  Father  Arvide  and  Father  Letrado 
were  murdered  near  Zufii,  and  Father  Porras  was  poisoned  the 
next  year  by  the  Moqui  Indians  at  Moqui.  The  civil  authorities 
failed  to  respond  to  the  supplication  of  the  Franciscans,  for  the 
protection  of  the  missionaries,  and  a  disagreement  between  the 
Franciscans  and  the  civil  authorities  residting  therefrom  cul- 
minated, years  after,  in  a  partial  uprising  of  some  of  the  Pueblos 
and  the  assassination  of  Governor  Rosas. 

109.  Death  of  Governor  Rosas. — Things  went  from  bad  to 


62  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

worse;  the  difficulties  between  Rosas  and  the  Franciscans  had 
reached  the  climax  of  discord  to  the  detriment  of  the  Spaniards 
and  the  Indians,  llosas  accused  the  Fathers  of  being  the  cause 
of  the  tr-ying  crisis  the  country  was  undergoing,  and  of  being  at 
tlie  ])ott()iii  of  the  sedition  which  was  being  tlift'used.  These  ac- 
cusations the  Fathers  were  able  not  only  to  disprove,  at  the  hear- 
ing had  in  Mexico,  but  they  met  them  by  an  exposure  of  Rosas' 
scandalous  life,  which  exposure  showed  Rosas  in  such  bad  light 
that  his  prestige  disappeared,  hastening  thus  the  uprising  he  so 
miich  feared  and  in  which  he  was  assassinated.  This  happened 
in  1642.     The  uprising  was  finally  checked. 

110.  Penaloza  the  Impostor. — Seven  governors  presided  over 
New  Mexico  from  1G42  to  1660,  namely:  Valdez,  Argiiello  (re- 
appointed), Ugarte,  Concho,  Samaniego,  Pacheco,  and  Mendi- 
zabal.  Nothing  out  of  the  ordinary  happened  between  those 
dates.  Mendizabal's  successor  was  Penaloza,  who  made  his  mark 
in  history  as  a  clever  impostor.  Mendizabal  was  removed  for 
malfeasance  in  office,  and  Penaloza  assumed  charge  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  1661,  and  remained  in  office  until  1664.  lie,  too,  was 
removed  from  office  because  of  his  lascivious  conduct,  and  be- 
cause he  had  become  a  despot,  imposing  inhuman  treatment  up- 
on the  Indians,  and  depriving  them  of  their  earnings  and 
property.  This  conduct  the  Fathers  exposed,  causing  thereby 
Penaloza 's  suspension  and  punishment  in  1665,  in  Mexico,  from 
which  place  he  went  to  England  and  France,  where  he  published, 
in  1671,  a  pamphlet  narrating  Onate's  romantic  trip  to  the 
Quivira;  substituting  his  name  for  Oilate's  name  and  changing 
the  dates,  he  made  himself  appear  as  the  hero  of  that  journey. 

111.  Villanueva,  Medrano,  Miranda— Indian  Uprisings — Fr. 
Ayeta. — Fernando  de  Villanueva,  Penaloza 's  successor,  came  as 
governor  of  New  Mexico  in  the  year  1664.  Between  1664  and 
1679,  two  other  governors,  besides  Villanueva,  filled  that  office; 
these  were  Medrano  and  Miranda.  During  this  interval  of  fif- 
teen years  the  country  was  retrograding  by  reason  of  the  con- 
stant uprisings  of  the  Pueblo  Indians,  the  daily  incursions  and 
depredations  of  the  Apaches,  the  Navajos,  and  the  Conianches  on 
the  unprotected  Spanish  settlements.  In  the  year  1672  the 
Apaches  destroyed  several  pueblos,  and  a  war  between  them  and 
the  Zunis  was  the  result.  During  this  war  several  priests  and 
colonists  were  killed  by  the  Pueblo  Indians.  For  these  crimes 
four  of  them  were  put  to  death,  forty  others  publicly  whipped, 


SPANISH  REGIME  63 

and  many  others  were  imprisoned.  The  situation  became  more 
and  more  critical  every  daj-,  and  the  annihilation  of  all  the  Span- 
iards had  been  discussed  and  agreed  to  in  1676.  The  Apaches, 
who  were  in  the  agreement,  attacked  the  Spanish  settlements 
from  different  directions,  causing  great  loss  of  life  and  destruc- 
tion of  property.  Father  Francisco  Ayeta,  then  superior  of  the 
Franciscans  in  New  Mexico,  seeing  the  desperate  situation  of 
the  Spaniards,  made  a  hasty  trip  to  Mexico  in  quest  of  succor, 
which  he  obtained,  but  could  not  bring  into  New  Mexico  because 
the  whole  country  was  in  rebellion  at  the  time  (1679-80).  That 
uprising  is  known  as  the  Great  Revolt,  of  which  an  account  is 
given  hereafter. 

XXVIII 

112.  End  of  the  First  Conquest — The  Insurrection — Gover- 
nor Otermin. — By  the  end  of  the  year  1679,  all  the  Pueblo  In- 
dians, except  the  Pecos  pueblo,  had  hatched  the  conspiracy  and 
agreed  on  a  day  and  hour  for  a  general  and  simultaneous  upris- 
ing. The  secret  was  kept  so  well  that  the  Spaniards  never  dis- 
covered the  plan  until  too  late.  Juan  Pope,  an  Indian  from 
San  Juan,  then  residing  in  Taos,  was  the  leader  of  the  insurrec- 
tion. The  13th  day  of  August,  1680,  was  the  day  agreed  upon 
for  the  massacre  of  the  Spaniards.  Don  Antonio  de  Otermin 
was  at  that  time  governor  of  New  Mexico,  having  succeeded 
Miranda  the  previous  year  (1679). 

113.  Tw^o  Faithful  Governors  Give  Warning. — Juan  Ye,  gov- 
ernor of  Cicuye  (Pecos)  declined,  with  all  his  people,  to  join  in 
the  conspiracy,  and  was  the  first  to  notify  both  Governor  Oter- 
min and  Father  Velasco,  the  priest  at  Cicuye,  of  the  impending 
danger,  offering  his  assistance  in  helping  the  Spaniards  to  either 
fight  the  rebellious  Pueblos  or  to  leave  the  country  in  time. 
Father  Velasco  answered  Ye  by  saying  that  he  would  rather  die 
a  martyr  than  abandon  the  souls  God  had  placed  in  his  hands. 
Otermin  did  not  believe  Ye  and  went  on  with  his  ordinary  duties 
until  the  latter  part  of  July,  when  he  received  a  secret  message 
from  Jac^,  governor  of  Taos,  advising  him  of  the  seditious  agree- 
ment, and  informing  him  that  Pope  had  fixed  the  13th  of  August 
for  the  commencement  of  the  insurrection,  and  had  sent  two  In- 
dians to  notify  the  other  pueblos  to  strike  the  blow  on  that  date 
at  daybreak ;  that  the  two  emissaries  of  Pope  were  then  on  their 
way  back  to  Taos,  and  were  resting  at  the  pueblo  of  Tesuque 


64  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

(nine  miles  from  Santa  Fe)  Otenuin  now  became  alarmed,  had 
the  two  Taos  Indians  arrested  at  once,  at  Tesu(|ne,  and  from 
them  learned  that  Ye  and  Jaea  had  told  him  the  truth.  With- 
out loss  of  time  Otermin  sent  couriers  to  all  the  pueblos  and 
Spanish  settlements,  ordering  the  priests,  soldiers,  and  colonists 
to  i)roceed  at  once  to  Santa  Fe.  Some  came,  but  others  did  not 
receive  the  message  and  were  murdered. 

114.  Breaking  out  of  the  Rebellion — Assault  on  Santa  Fe. — 
Pope  having  learned  that  the  Spaniards  had  discovered  his  plans, 
ordered  that  hostilities  be  commenced  on  the  lOtli  instead  of  the 
13th  of  August.  He  had  as  j^rincipal  captains,  Catiti,  Tupatii 
(who  afterwards  became  a  true  friend  of  the  Spaniards),  and 
Jaca,  governors  of  Santo  Domingo,  Picuris,  and  Taos,  respec- 
tively. On  the  day  fixed  (August  10th)  all  the  priests,  soldiers, 
and  colonists  Avho  had  not  heard  of  the  insurrection,  were  taken 
by  surprise  and  killed,  before  they  had  a  chance  to  escape.  From 
every  direction  thousands  of  Indians  rushed  to  Santa  Fe  and 
made  a  sudden  assault  which  was  repulsed  by  the  150  soldiers 
and  the  colonists  had  already  reached  Santa  Fe.  The  great 
historical  revolt  was  carried  into  effect  all  over  New  Mexico. 

115.  Siege  of  Santa  Fe — Great  Battle — Escape  of  the 
Spaniards. — Pope  now"  laid  a  siege,  surrounding  the  city  on  all 
sides  with  an  immense  horde  of  savages,  but  remaining  inactive 
until  the  15th,  when  he  sent  an  ultimatum  to  Otermin.  This 
consisted  of  two  wooden  crosses,  a  white  and  a  black  one,  asking 
him  to  select  his  liberty  or  his  death  by  retaining  one  of  the 
crosses,  the  white  one  indicating  surrender  and  the  black  one 
death ;  that  by  selecting  the  white  cross  the  Spaniards  would  be 
allowed  to  leave  the  city  unmolested  under  promise  never  to  re- 
turn, and  if  the  blaek  cross  was  retained  it  would  mean  death 
to  all  the  Spaniards.  Otennin  rejected  Pope's  proposition  and 
began  to  force  his  way  out  early  the  next  morning.  At  break 
of  day,  August  16th,  the  soldiers  and  colonists  formed  in  battle 
line,  with  the  women  and  children  in  the  center,  and  Otermin 
with  his  officers  at  the  head,  one  thousand  in  all.  The  Indians 
met  them  with  a  terrific  rush  and  the  battle  was  commenced, 
lasting  all  day.  At  night  the  Spaniards  retreated  into  the 
city  and  all  crowded  into  the  Palace  building.  The  loss  on  the 
side  of  the  Indians  was  very  large  and  on  the  side  of  the  Span- 
iards some  few  dead  but  many  wounded.  The  siege  lasted  until 
the  23d  day  of  August  when  the  Indians  cut  otf  the  water  supply 


SPANISH  REGIME 


65 


of  the  city,  thus  forcing  the  Spaniards  to  either  escape  or  perish. 
Oterrnin,  finding  himself  and  his  people  in  the  extreme  necessity 
of  making  a  death  struggle,  resolved  to  fight  or  die  in  the  effort. 
He  ordered  the  Fathers,  Gomez,  Duran,  and  Farfan,  to  give 
everybody  absolution.  The  priests  obeyed,  encouraging  the 
.Spaniards  to  stand  firm  by  Otermin  till  the  escape  was  effected 
or  the  last  one  of  them  had  died. 

116.     Bloody  Battle— Otermin  Wounded — The  Escape. — The 
imposing  jeligious  ceremony  ended,  the  army  formed  in  battle 


s-.j 


CANDELARIO. 


cifff  wi£\iim 


Courtesy  J.  C.  Candelnrio,  Santa  Fe,  X.  M. 

array,  and  made  an  assault  upon  the  Indians  Avith  such  fierceness 
that  after  a  few  hours'  battle,  they  won  the  day  with  300  Indians 
killed,  the  Spaniards  losing  one  soldier  only,  though  many  had 
been  wounded,  among  the  latter  being  Otermin.  This  happened 
August  23,  1680.  Thus  were  the  Spaniards  able  to  leave  Santa 
Fe,  all  afoot  and  carrying  on  their  shoulders  the  archives  and 
their  scant  provisions,  arriving  at  El  Paso  (now  Juarez)  Decem- 
ber 20,  1680.  On  their  sad  .journey  the  Spaniards,  especially  the 
women  and  children,  suffered  greatly.     From  friendly  Indians, 


66  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

\\\\o  had  followed  the  S|)aiiiafd.s,  Otcniiiii  Icaiwicd  llial  ai'lcr  the 
Spaiiiai-ds  had  left  Saiila  Fv,  the  Taiios  ((Jalislco)  Jiidiaiis  had 
taken  possession  of  tlie  city  and  that  all  the  churches  and  all  other 
property  had  been  destroyed.  One  of  tlie  saddest  duties  im- 
posed upon  the  Spaniards  by  the  force  of  circumstances  was  the 
picking  up  for  burial  purposes,  of  corpses  all  along  the  road.  At 
Santo  Domingo  they  found  the  bodies  of  the  Franciscan  Fathers, 
Juan  de  Talaban,  Fr.  Antonio  de  Lorenzana,  and  Fr.  Jose  Monies 
de  Oca.  The  other  Fi-anciscans  killed  were  Fr.  Domingo  de 
Vera,  at  Galiteo;  Fr.  Fernando  de  Velasco,  at  Pecos,  and  Fr. 
Manuel  Tinoco,  at  San  Marcos.  Some  150  Spanish  women  and 
girls  had  remained  captives  and  some  were  compelled  to  marry 
Indians  and  the  others  were  murdered.  Thus  ended  the  achieve- 
mert  of  the  first  con(iuest  of  New  Mexico. 


CHAPTER  IX 

XXIX 

117.  Otermin  Again. — The  loss  of  New  Mexico  to  Spain  was 
a  thing  Otennin  thought  it  his  duty  to  avoid,  at  k^ast  during  his 
ineuuibency.  Acting  on  that  belief  he  again  made  an  eflfort  to 
reconcjuer  the  country  by  reentering  it  next  year,  1681,  at  the 
head  of  200  mounted  soldiers,  but  did  not  succeed  in  accomplish- 
ing his  object,  for  on  reaching  Cochiti  he  saw  that  it  would  re- 
quire a  larger  force  to  subdue  the  Indians,  and  went  back  to 
El  Paso  (now  Juarez),  where  he  heard  that  Domingo  Gironza 
Petriz  de  Cruzat  had  been  appointed  to  succeed  him  as  governor 
of  New  Mexico. 

118.  Cruzat 's  Expedition. — Don  Domingo  Gironza  Petriz  de 
Cruzat,  like  his  predecessors,  had  a  brilliant  militaiy  record  as 
a  great  general  and  he  proved  it  by  his  fre(iuent  expeditions  in- 
to New  Mexico.  He  had  only  the  title  of  governor  of  New 
Mexico,  however,  for  he  ne\^r  succeeded  during  his  first  incum- 
bency in  eft'ecting  a  permanent  concjuest.  Between  1683  and 
1687  he  made  seventeen  journeys  into  New  Mexico,  fighting  every 
time  all  along  the  road  from  El  Paso  to  New  Mexico  and  being 
always  victorious.  In  1687,  Cruzat  was  succeeded  by  Pedro 
Reneros  de  Posadas,  who  desolated  the  pueblo  of  Santa  Ana, 
killing  nearly  all  of  its  inhabitants,  but  before  the  year  closed 
Cruzat  was  returned  to  the  governorship,  and  he  again  made 
several  expeditions  into  New  Mexico,  the  last  being  in  1689, 
when  he  reached  the  pueblo  of  Zia,  and  was  met  by  a  hostile 
demonstration,  which  ended  in  one  of  the  most  severe  battles  of 
the  conquest.  He  was  opposed  by  nearly  all  the  Indians  from 
that  province.  The  battle  lasted  the  entire  day,  with  a  loss  to 
the  Indians  of  600  killed  and  the  capture  of  manv  prisoners. 
The  battle  was  fought  the  first  day  of  August,  1689.  This  last 
effort  of  Cruzat  fills  the  gap  between  the  expulsion  of  the  Span- 
iards under  Otermin,  1680,  and  the  time  of  the  second  and  per- 
manent conquest  by  De  Vargas. 


68  HIST(  )RY  ( )F  NEW  MEXICO 

XXX 

11!).  De  Vargas. — Don  l)iep:o  dc  \'iirgas  Zapata  Liijan  Ponce 
de  Leon's  record  of  great  military  achievements  was  the  reason 
Viceroy  Galva  had  for  entrusting  to  his  hands  the  reconcjuest  of 
New  Mexico.  Besides  being  a  great  general  De  Vargas  was  a 
man  of  generous  disposition,  a  good  diristian,  and  a  true  friend 
of  the  Indians,  lie  it  was  who  saved  the  country  to  the  crown  of 
Castille,  with  the  assistance  and  coilperation  of  the  Franciscan 
Fathers,  and  paved  the  way  for  future  genei"ations  to  enjoy  life 
in  this  splendid  climate.  He  above  all  the  explorers  and  con- 
querors of  New  ]\Iexico,  deserves  the  highest  praise  for  his  great 
work  in  pacifying  and  effecting  the  permanent  concpiest  of  New 
Mexico.  He  is  entitled  to  the  everlasting  gratitude  and  admira- 
tion of  the  people  of  New  Mexico  and  the  entire  United  States. 

120.  De  Vargas'  First  Entry. — Immediately  after  his  ap- 
pointment, De  Vargas  began  to  organize  his  people,  making  the 
city  of  Juarez,  then  known  as  El  Paso,  the  place  of  rendezvous. 
August  16,  1692,  De  Vargas  ordered  the  march  of  a  squad  of 
soldiers  under  Captain  Roque  de  Madrid,  he  remaining  in  El 
Paso  waiting  for  an  auxiliary  troop  of  fifty  soldiers  that  he  was 
expecting  from  the  interior.  These  soldiers  not  having  arrived 
on  the  21st  day  of  the  month,  he  started  without  them,  early  in 
the  morning  of  that  day,  leaving  El  Paso  accompanied  by  three 
Franciscan  Fathera,  namely,  Fr.  Corvero,  Fr.  Nimez  and  Fr. 
Alonzo,  some  fifty  soldiers,  and  a  few  friendly  Indians.  Orders 
were  left  for  the  expected  auxiliary  soldiers  to  follow  him.  On 
the  24th  day  of  the  month  De  Vargas  overtook  Captain  Madrid 
and  his  men,  and  the  journey  was  continued  Avitho'ut  accident, 
along  the  Rio  Grande,  until  they  reached  Tiguex,  on  the  9th  of 
September.  Here,  a  little  to  the  north  of  the  city  of  Albuquer- 
que, they  came  to  a  ranch  formerly  owned  by  a  Spaniard  known 
as  Mexia,  who  had  been  murdered  by  the  Indians  in  the  great 
revolt  of  1680.  De  Vargas  selected  that  place  for  his  center  of 
operations,  and  left  Captain  Telles,  with  fourteen  Spaniards  and 
fifty  Indians,  to  guard  the  baggage  and  provisions,  he,  De  Var- 
gas, continuing  the  march  with  the  Fathers,  forty  soldiers,  and 
fifty  Indians. 

121.  De  Vargas  Reaches  Santa  Fe. — Having  traveled  cau- 
tiously for  fear  of  an  ambuscade  he  entered  the  pueblos  of  San- 
to Domingo  and  Cochiti,  w'hich  he  found  deserted,  the  Indians 


SPANISH  REGIME  69 

having  abandoned  them  since  the  time  Cruzat  had  destroyed  Zia, 
August,  1689.  This  was  September  11th.  The  next  day  De  Var- 
gas encamped  at  CieneguiHa,  some  twelve  or  fifteen  miles  w^est  of 
Santa  Fe.  Here  De  Vargas  gave  his  men  a  patriotic  exhorta- 
tion. Next  morning,  being  near  Santa  Fe,  he  ordered  a  stop  to 
enable  Father  Corvero  to  preach  an  exhortation  and  to  give  ab- 
solution to  the  party.  The  small  army  continued  its  march  until 
four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  when  they  came  in  sight  of  Santa 
Fe,  which  the  Indians  had  walled  and  fortified.  The  Indians 
had  already  learned  of  the  coming  of  the  Spaniards  and  were 
ready  to  give  them  battle.  At  sunrise,  September  13,  1692,  De 
Vargas  noticed  a  large  number  of  Indians  on  horseback  on  the 
hills  to  the  northeast  of  the  city.  He  sent  a  squad  of  mounted 
Spaniards  who  had  no  trouble  in  capturing  many  of  them,  the 
rest  escaping  to  the  mountains.  Among  the  prisoners  was  the 
governor  of  the  Indians  named  Domingo. 

122.  Santa  Fe  Retaken. — The  entire  day  the  13th  was  taken 
up  by  De  Vargas  in  trying  to  persuade  the  Indians  to  surrender 
and  submit  to  his  authority.  The  Indians  were  obstinate  until 
De  Vargas  gave  them  to  understand  that  he  was  going  to  kill 
them  all  and  that  the  water  supply  had  already  been  cut  off. 
The  next  day  at  sunrise  the  Indians  gave  in,  but  requested 
De  Vargas  to  enter  in  company  with  six  disarmed  soldiers  and 
the  superior  of  the  Fathers  that  the  Indians  might  be  convinced 
of  De  Vargas'  sincerity.  To  this  De  Vargas  answered,  "That 
is  nothing;  who  Avill  not  risk  himself  in  order  to  obtain  with 
perpetual  glory  an  illustrious  name?"  Calling  on  Father  Cor- 
vero, the  ensign,  and  five  soldiers,  all  unarmed,  to  follow  him, 
De  Vargas  entered  the  village  of  Santa  Fe,  walking  to  the  center 
of  the  square,  where  the  Indians  had  already  planted  a  large 
cross.  Here  De  Vargas  uncovered  his  head,  the  royal  ensign 
being  unfurled,  and  in  a  loud  voice  and  in  the  name  of  his 
sovereign.  King  Charles  II,  forgave  the  Indians,  received  their 
submission,  and  then  took  possession  of  New  Mexico  in  the  fol- 
lowing words:  "The  Villa  of  Santa  Fe,  Capital  of  the  King- 
dom of  New  Mexico,  I  now  take  possesion  of,  and  with  her,  her 
provinces  and  all  the  pueblos,  for  the  Catholic  Majesty  of  the 
King,  Our  Lord  Charles  II,  long  live  him  for  the  protection  of 
all  his  vassals  and  of  his  dominions  many  long  years."  The 
Father  and  soldiers  answering,  "Long  live,  long  live,  long  live 
that  we  mav  all  seiwe  him  as  we  ought  to."     The  rest  of  thn 


70  HISTORY  OP  NEW  MEXICO 

soldi(M-s  and  tlu'ir  Iiulian  coinpanioiis  llion  came  into  tlie  S(iuare 
and  the  Fallicrs  at  once  bc^an  llir  woi-k  of  Ijaptizing  the  In- 
dians and  pi'cacliintf  the  ijfospcl  lo  lliciii. 

XXXI 

123.  Tupatu  Surrenders — Best  Friend  of  De  Vargas. — After 
the  surrender  of  Sania  Fc,  l)c  \'ar<ia.s  jH'avc  his  lime  and  at- 
tention to  rehiiihling'  llic  town,  and  especially  tiie  repaii'ing  of 
the  chapel  of  San  ^Miguel,  which  nee(h^d  a  new  roof.  l)e  Vargas 
entrusted  this  woi-k  to  the  Indians,  giving  them  axes  and  other 
tools,  and  then  issued  a  call  to  all  the  pueblos  to  come  to  Santa 
Fe  to  swear  allegiance  to  the  king.  Don  Luis  Tupatu,  then 
governor  of  San  Juan  and  successoi'  of  Pope  and  C'atiti,  was 
the  first  to  come  and  to  i)ledge  obedience  for  himself  and  the 
entire  province,  which  was  under  his  power  since  the  death  of 
Pope  and  Catiti,  except  the  pueblo  of  Pecos,  the  Queres,  the 
Taos,  and  the  Jemes,  all  of  w^iich  had  refused  to  recognize  Tu- 
patu's  authority.  De  Vargas  gave  Tupatu  a  most  cordial  re- 
ception, and  not  only  confirmed  his  authority  but  promised  him 
to  compel  the  rebellious  pueblos  to  submit  to  his  ( Tupatu 's) 
commands. 

124.  De  Vargas'  Trip  of  Inspection. — The  promise  of  De 
Vargas  made  Tupatu  shed  tears,  and  filled  him  with  a  desire  to 
witness  the  surrender  of  the  obstinate  pueblos,  for  which  he  ob- 
tained permission  to  accompany  De  Vargas,  he  (Tupatu)  offer- 
ing to  furnish  800  Indians  armed  and  w-ell  provisioned,  wdiich 
promise  he  faithfully  kept.  On  the  21st  day  of  September 
(the  same  day  of  the  arrival  of  the  fifty  auxiliary  soldiers  whom 
De  Vargas  was  anxiously  awaiting)  De  Vargas  with  his  small 
army,  and  Tupatu  and  his  300  w-arriors,  marched  to  Pecos,  by 
the  way  of  Galisteo,  reaching  that  pueblo  September  23d,  early  in 
the  morning.  The  pueblo  had  been  deserted,  but  De  Vargas 
found  the  Indians  in  the  mountains  near  by,  and  by  presents 
and  kind  words  induced  most  of  them  to  return,  resettle  in  the 
pueblo,  and  submit  to  the  king  and  Tupatu.  De  Vargas  re- 
turned to  Santa  Fe  on  the  27th  of  the  month,  wdiere  he  remained 
until  the  29th,  leaving  then  for  the  north.  On  the  30th  he  visited 
the  pueblos  of  Cuyamungue  and  Jacona ;  October  1st,  Pojoaque 
and  San  Ildefonso ;  October  2d,  he  visited  Santa  Clara  and  San 
Juan;  on  the  4th,  he  visited  San  Lazaro   and   San  Cristoval; 


SPANISH  REGIME 


71 


from  which  \)\nee  he  went  to  Piciii'i  and  Taos,  Tupatu  going  with 
him.  In  all  these  pueblos  De  Vai'gas  made  the  Indians  swear- 
allegiance  to  the  king,  and  l)y  the  Fathers  all  of  them  were  again 
received  into  the  fold  of  the  church.  Then  De  Vargas  returned 
to  Santa  Fe. 

125,  Reduction  of  the  Other  Pueblos — Tupatu  Keeps 
Faith. — Leaving  Santa  Fe  on  the  ITlli  of  Oclohei-,  lGi)2,  De 
Vargas,  with  all  his  men  and  accompanied  by  Tui)atu  and  his 
brother,  Don  Lorenzo  Tupatu,  who  had  gathered  some  800  In- 
dian wai-rioi's  to  go  with   the  Spaniards,  started   his  march  of 


COLLEGE  OF  SAX   MIGUEL 
Stcond   Pioneer   Educational    Institution,    Santa    Fe,    X.   M.,    18.59 


peaceful  coiKpiest,  visiting  first  the  pueblos  of  Cochiti,  Santo  Do- 
mingo, and  San  Felipe,  finding  them  already  repeopled  by  the 
Indians  Avho  had  deserted  them  since  1689.  These  Indians  came 
back  to  their  pueblos  on  hearing  the  heartiness  of  De  Vargas.  So 
that  when  De  Vargas  arrived  he  was  met  with  demonstrations 
of  joy,  all  the  Indians  promising  obedience  to  him.  The  pueblos 
of  the  Queres  province  nearly  all  gave  in  also,  without  much 
trouble,  and  so  did  the  rest  of  the  pueblos,  except  the  Jemez  In- 
dians, who  made  a  show  of  resistance  but  were  overcome  by  De 
Vargas'  firmness  and  kind  demeanor.  From  Jemez,  De  Vargas 
went  to  the  place  of  rendezvous,  the  Mexia  ranch,  to  obtain  pro- 


72  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

visions  and  for  a  consullalion  wilh   Captain   Telles.     This  was 
on  the  2i)th  of  OctobcM-. 

120.  Council  of  War — Some  Spaniards  Return  to  Mexico — 
De  Vargas  Travels  West. — Some  of  the  S{)aniai'(ls  thoiiglit  it  was 
time  to  return  to  Mexico,  and  a  council  of  war  decided  that  those 
wishing  to  return  could  do  so.  Accordingly  some  fifteen  or 
twenty  left  for  El  Paso,  and  the  three  Fathers,  Avith  the  rest  of 
the  soldiers  and  the  two  Tupatiis  and  their  warriors,  started  for 
the  western  provinces  with  De  Vargas.  The  Acomas  and  Zunis 
submitted  willingly  to  De  Vargas,  and  so  did  all  the  pueblos 
of  the  Mocjuis  except  Aguatubi,  the  .first  i)ueblo  of  the  Mocjui 
province,  where  De  Vargas  was  forced  to  demand  the  surrender 
under  penalty  of  complete  annihilation.  A  strange  occurrence 
induced  the  rebellious  Indians  to  surrender ;  this  was  that  when 
De  Vargas  in  loud  and  indignant  tones  demanded  their  surrender 
a  peal  of  a  lightning  bolt  fell  near  them.  The  coincidence  hor- 
rifying them,  they  knelt  down  and  received  De  Vargas  with  sub- 
mission and  a  promise  to  be  obedient  subjects  of  the  king.  Hav- 
ing secured  the  peaceful  reduction  of  the  entire  country,  De 
Vargas  and  his  loyal  friends,  the  Tupatus,  parted  company,  De 
Vargas  starting  for  El  Paso  to  bring  colonists  to  settle  the 
country,  and  the  Tupatus  and  their  warriors  going  back  to  their 
pueblos.  This  was  about  the  middle  of  November.  De  Vargas 
arrived  at  El  Paso  the  20th  of  December,  1692,  having  traveled 
over  1,200  miles  since  the  21st  of  August  of  that  year,  when  he 
left  El  Paso. 


CHAPTER  X 

XXXII 

127.  Preparations  to  Resettle  New  Mexico. — Immediately 
after  his  arrival  at  El  Paso,  I)e  Vargas  sent  to  the  viceroy  a  full 
and  complete  report  of  his  accomplishments  in  New  Mexico,  ask- 
ing for  permission  to  resettle  the  country.  The  report  was  well 
received,  the  viceroy  at  once  authorizing  the  enlistment  of 
families  of  colonists  which  were  to  proceed  without  delay  to  El 
Paso  and  report  to  De  Vargas.  Sixty-one  families  were  soon 
listed  and  prepared  to  leave  the  City  of  Mexico.  De  Vargas  was 
ofificially  notified  of  that  fact  by  letter  from  the  viceroy,  dated 
September  4,  1693,  which  reached  De  Vargas  on  the  20th  of 
that  month.  De  Vargas  then  issued  his  formal  proclamation, 
and  soon  some  twenty  families  from  other  parts  of  Mexico  came 
to  him.  In  El  Paso  he  gathered  seventy  families  and  100  sol- 
diers, making  a  total  of  800  persons  in  troops,  colonists,  priests, 
women,  and  children.  Among  the  colonists  came  several  arti- 
ficers, mechanics,  and  men  of  all  trades,  also  many  miners  and 
many  farmers,  all  well  provided  with  the  necessary  tools  and  im- 
plements. On  October  12th  of  the  same  year,  the  order  was 
given  to  start  the  next  day,  De  Vargas  having  left  instructions 
for  Father  Farfan  and  the  families  coming  from  ]\Iexico  to  fol- 
low him. 

128.  De  Vargas  Starts  on  His  Epoch-Making  Journey.— At 
daylight  October  13.  1693,  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Spanish- 
New  Mexican  expeditions  started  from  El  Paso,  with  its  dis- 
tinguished general,  De  Vargas,  at  its  head.  Seventeen  Francis- 
can Fathers  accompanied  De  Vargas,  namely,  Fr.  Salvador  de 
San  Antonio  (superior),  Fr.  Juan  de  Zavaleta,  Fr.  Francisco 
Jesus  Maria,  Fr.  Juan  de  Alpuente,  Fr.  Juan  Munoz  de  Castro, 
Fr.  Juan  Diaz,  Fr.  Antonio  Carbonela,  Fr.  Francisco  Corvera, 
Fr.  Geronimo  Prieto,  Fr.  Juan  Antonio  del  Corral,  Fr.  Antonio 
Vohomondo,  Fr.  Antonio  Obregon,  Fr.  Jose  Maria,  Fr.  Buena- 
ventura Contreras,  Fr.  Jose  Narvaez,  Fr.  Velarde,  and  Fr.  Diego 
Zeinos. 


SPANISH  KEGIME  75 

129.     Suffering  Causes  Death  of  Women  and  Children. — The 

ai'raiig'cnu'iils  foi-  food  supplies  wci-c  uiisal  isi'aetoiy,  and  after 
suffering  untold  hardships  from  hunger  and  thirst,  thirty  per- 
sons, mostly  women  and  children,  perished  of  hunger.  De  Vargas 
made  an  advance  march  from  Socorro  with  the  soldiers  to  col- 
lect provisions  from  the  pueblos  for  the  relief  of  his  people.  The 
pueblos  of  the  i)rovinces  of  Tutuhaco  (Isleta  now)  and  Tiguex 
were  visitetl,  and  their  Indians  immediately  furnislied  De  Vargas 
with  an  abundance  of  corn  and  other  pi'ovisions,  which  he  at 
once  sent  to  the  caravan,  notifying  the  priests  and  people  that 
he,  De  Vargas,  would  wait  for  thenr  at  Santo  Domingo,  at  which 
place  the  caravan  arrived  in  the  earlier  part  of  December.  At 
Santo  Domingo  De  Vargas  was  informed  that  the  Tanos  Indians, 
who  were  in  possession  of  Santa  Fe,  aided  by  the  Teguas  (Te- 
suque,  Pojoafpie,  Xambe,  San  IldefonsO,  Santa  Clara,  and  San 
Juan)  were  prepared  to  fight  the  Spaniards  at  Santa  Fe.  The 
information  so  given  De  A'argas  was  false. 

180.  First  Taking  of  Santa  Fe.— December  15th,  De  Vargas 
with  his  people  resumed  the  march,  reaching  Santa  Fe  the  same 
day.  The  Spaniards  camped  at  the  entrance  of  the  village  to 
observe  the  conduct  of  the  Indians,  and  in  order  to  arrange  the 
formalities  for  the  act  of  possession  the  next  day.  The  ceremony 
began  early  December  16,  1693,  by  De  Vargas,  accompanied  by 
the  superior  of  the  Franciscans,  a  few  soldiers,  and  the  ensign, 
entering  the  town  with  the  royal  banner  unfurled.  The  Tano 
Indians  received  the  Spaniards  in  the  center  of  the  plaza  (the 
square),  where  De  Vargas  made  them  plant  a  large  cross,  and 
then  proceeded  to  take  formal  possession  of  all  New  Mexico. 
After  De  Vargas  got  through  reading  his  proclamation  (pub- 
lished in  full  in  Read's  III ust rated  History  of  N.ew  Mexico,  pp. 
298-300),  the  entire  force  entered  in  procession,  with  the  Fran- 
ciscan Fathers  chanting  the  Te  Deum  Laudamus,  at  their  head. 
De  Vargas  then  moved  his  camp  to  the  hills,  near  which  stands 
today  the  Rosario  Chapel  (which  some  writers  have  erroneously 
affirmed  was  built  by  De  Vargas),  in  order  to  give  the  Tanos 
time  to  move  out  and  resettle  their  pueblo. 

XXXIII 

131.  Frightful  Conspiracy  Discovered  by  Juan  Ye. — While 
the  Spaniards  were  thus  encamped,  their  families  suffering  from 
the  severe  cold  weather,   heavy  snowstorms,  and  smallpox,  the 


76  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

Tajios,  the  I'icuris,  and  tlic  'i'cgiia  Indians  were  secretly  forming 
a  plot  to  fall  at  night  on  the  Spaniards  and  murder  them  all. 
De  Vargas  had  some  of  his  men  helping  the  Indians  repairing 
the  riiapel  of  San  Miguel,  and  to  inspect  the  work  he  rode  there 
every  day.  It  was  in  one  of  these  visits  tiiat  he  met  his  loyal 
friend,  Juan  Ye,  the  governor  of  Cicuye  (Pecos),  who  not  only 
uncovered  the  conspiracy,  but  offered  J)e  Vargas  his  assistance 
in  conquering  the  traitorous  Tanos  and  co-conspirators.  De  Var- 
gas feigned  indifference,  but  jn-oceeded  at  once  to  the  camp  and 
held  a  council  of  war.  While  thus  engaged  there  came  to  De 
Vargas'  tent  an  old  blind  Tano  Indian,  whom  De  Vargas  had  be- 
friended, led  by  the  hand  by  a  small  Indian  boy,  who,  crying, 
told  De  Vargas  that  next  day  all  the  Spaniards  were  going  to 
be  murdered,  advising  the  Spaniards  to  leave  the  place  or  to 
prepare  to  fight  the  battle  of  their  lives.  The  advice  of  the  blind 
Indian  was  heeded  by  the  Spaniards,  they  moving  that  very  day 
to  the  entrance  of  the  city  and  spreading  out  in  battle  array. 
Ye  had  already  gone  to  bring  reenforcemeuts  from  Cicuye,  ar- 
riving at  midnight  with  a  great  many  of  his  warriors. 

132.  De  Varg-as  Storms  the  Village — Final  and  Last  Sur- 
render.— As  if  Providence  was  helping  the  Spaniards,  that  very 
night  a  force  of  200  Spanish  soldiers  arrived,  giving  De  Vargas 
a  formidable  army.  The  Tanos  had  also  received,  during  the 
night,  heavy  reenforcemeuts  from  the  Teguas  and  Picuris,  and 
had  besides  walled  all  the  entrances  to  the  town  and  otherwise 
fortified  themselves.  The  traitorous  Indians  were  all  under  the 
leadership  of  Bolsas  (Pokets),  a  name  given  him  by  the  Span- 
iards because  of  his  large  moon-like  face.  The  28th  was  spent 
by  De  Vargas  in  forming  his  different  divisions.  Ye  was  given 
charge  of  his  warriors,  the  position  assigned  to  them  and  taken 
by  De  Vargas  being  the  most  important,  and,  consequently,  the 
most  dangerously  exposed.  At  dawn  next  day,  December  29th, 
all  efforts  to  obtain  a  peaceful  surrender  having  failed,  the  en- 
tire army,  following  De  Vargas'  example,  knelt  down  to  listen 
to  a  sermon  of  absolution  by  Father  De  San  Antonio,  after  which 
the  order  of  assault  was  given,  and  in  a  moment  the  most  terrific 
battle  in  the  history  of  New  Mexico's  conquest  was  on.  The 
rebels,  fighting  furiously,  specially  concentrated  their  fight  on 
the  Pecos  Indians,  who  stood  their  ground  nobly.  At  noon  an 
immense  multitude  of  mounted  Teguas  and  Picuris  appeared  on 
the  hills  to  the  north  of  Santa  Fe.     The  Spanish  cavalry  charged 


SPANISH  REGIME  77 

with  such  impetuosity  that  in  less  than  two  hours  the  mounted 
Indians  had  been  completely  routed,  losing  heavily  by  death  and 
by  capture,  -few  escaping.  It  was  now  dark,  the  8])aniards 
ceased  fighting  for  the  night,  sleeping  on  their  anus  and  burying 
their  dead,  which  nuudjered  many.  At  break  of  day,  the  :]Oth, 
the  order  to  storm  the  fortified  village  was  given,  De  Vargas  be- 
ing the  first  to  set  foot  within  the  walls.  The  rebels  became  so 
scared  at  seeing  the  Spaniards  within  the  walls  that  instead  of 
offering  resistance  they  ran  in  disorder  from  place  to  place,  giving 
the  Spaniards  such  an  advantage  that  in  a  short  while  a  very 
large  number  of  them  were  killed,  few  escaping.  Their  govern- 
or, seeing  the  inevitable,  hanged  himself  before  the  Spaniards 
reached  his  hiding  place.  The  victory  was  complete,  Santa  Fe 
was  once  for  all  retaken,  and  New  Mexico's  permanent  conrjuest 
assured.  Seventy  warriors  of  the  enemy  were  made  prisoners, 
Bolsas  among  them,  and  they  were  all  shot  in  the  center  of  the 
plaza.  Four  hundred  women  and  children  were  captured  and 
divided  among  the  Spanish  families  by  De  Vargas,  who  gave 
them  strict  and  very  explicit  instructions  to  treat  them  not  like 
slaves  but  humanely  until  the  king  should  detennine  otherwise. 
133.  Assignment  of  Lands — New  Instructions — Battle  of 
the  Mesa  Prieta. — De  Varga's  next  move  was  to  send  some  of  his 
captains  to  all  the  pueblos  to  gather  provisions  for  the  Spaniards, 
and  then  the  land  in  and  around  the  town  was  partitioned  among 
the  colonists,  each  of  whom  received  sufficient  corn  for  food  and 
seed.  In  the  mean  time  the  revengeful  Teguas  and  their  allies, 
the  Picuris,  were  occupied  in  hatching  further  conspiracies 
against  the  Spaniards,  and  making  night  raids.  De  Vargas  now 
ordered  a  constant  guerrilla  warfare,  thus  fighting  the  Indians  by 
their  own  tactics.  The  guerrilla  warfare  became  so  effective  that 
in  a  short  time  all  the  Teguas  and  most  of  their  allies  left  their 
pueblos,  fleeing  to  the  famous  Mesa  Prieta  (about  eighteen  miles 
west  of  Santa  Fe),  which  is  as  impregnable  as  the  Acoma  Rock. 
De  Vargas  thought  it  to  his  advantage  to  assault  them  by  storm- 
ing the  mesa.  Father  Farfan  having  just  arrived  wath  the  ex- 
pected families  and  more  soldiers.  De  Vargas  was  greatly  en- 
couraged. He  organized  a  force  of  100  men,  with  two  pieces  of 
artillery,  and  February  10,  1693,  laid  siege  and  began  the  as- 
sault. The  siege  and  continuous  fighting  lasted  until  the  19th 
of  the  month,  when  De  Vargas,  having  dislodged  the  Indians,  re- 
turned to  Santa  Fe.     The  Indian  loss  was  forty  killed,  but  many 


SPANISH  REGIME  79 

were  made  prisoners;  100  horses  aiui  mules  were  captured,  and 
about  150  fanegas  (450  bushels)  of  corn  taken  from  the  Indians, 
but  those  that  had  not  nuide  their  escape  remained  hidden  in  the 
mesa. 

XXXIV 

134.  War  Between  the  Pueblos — De  Vargfas  Takes  Sides. — 

Beleving  that  the  Teguas  antl  the  Picui'is  had  been  well  [)nnished, 
De  Vargas,  in  March,  1693,  turned  his  attention  to  the  Apache 
and  Comanche  tribes,  who  had  come  as  far  as  Cicuye  to  render 
obedience  to  De  Vargas.  While  occupied  receiving  a  peace  em- 
bassy from  the  Apache  and  Comanche  tribes,  word  reached  him 
that  the  Jemez,  the  Cochiti,  the  Acoma,  the  Moqui,  and  the  Zuni 
pueblos  had  united  in  a  war  against  the  Queres,  the  Zias,  and 
Santa  Ana  pueblos,  because  of  the  friendship  of  the  last  men- 
tioned pueblos  to  the  Spaniards.  The  Queres  asked  De  Vargas' 
protection,  and  De  Vargas  not  only  granted  their  petition  but 
he  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  expedition  that  was  to  pro- 
tect the  friendly  pueblos. 

135.  Battles  of  Cieneguilla  and  Mesa  Prieta. — The  confed- 
erated forces  of  the  rebels  had  met  on  the  mesa  of  Cieneguilla 
(some  fifteen  miles  west  of  Santa  Fe),  where  De  Vargas  routed 
them  in  battle,  killing  twenty-five  of  them  and  capturing  300 
women  and  children,  seventy  horses,  and  1,000  head  of  sheep  and 
cattle.  This  engagement  took  place  the  16th  of  April,  1694. 
While  the  victory  was  complete,  De  Vargas  sent  emissaries  from 
Santa  Fe  to  all  the  rebel  pueblos  offering  amnesty  if  they  would 
submit.  His  efforts  proved  fniitless,  and  he  therefore  turned 
his  attention  to  Santa  Fe  which,  in  his  absence,  had  been  at- 
tacked by  the  Teguas,  who  were  defeated  by  the  small  garrison 
under  the  leadership  of  Captain  Jaramillo.  De  Vargas,  with  a 
strong  force  of  Spaniards  and  Indians  from  Pecos  and  Queres, 
went  after  the  Teguas,  who,  with  their  allies,  had  again  en- 
trenched themselves  on  the  Mesa  Prieta  (called  also  Mesa  de  San 
Ildefonso),  where  they  were  again  defeated  by  the  Spaniards. 
This  last  battle  took  place  in  May,  1694.  While  the  Spaniards 
and  friendly  Indians  were  thus  fighting  the  Teguas,  the  Zuhis 
made  a  raid  on  the  Queres  pueblos,  but  were  worsted,  leaving 
many  dead  and  a  large  number  of  prisoners  on  the  battle-field. 

136.  Remains  of  Father  Juan  de  Jesus  Recovered. — Among 
the  Jemez  and  Zuhi  Indians  captured  by  the  Queres  were  five 


80  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

Avlio  knew  llic  ])hi('('  in  Jcmcz  where  the  reiuains  of  Father  Juan 
(le  Jesus  (killed  in  the  revolt  in  KisQ)  were  hidden,  and  having 
promised  to  show  the  place  it"  their  lives  were  spared,  De  Vargas 
granted  their  petition  and  took  them  with  him  and  Fathers  Al- 
l)uente,  Ohregon,  and  Cai'honela,  to  -lemez,  those  Indians  having 
already  submitted  lo  De  Vai'gas.  At  Jemez  the  I'emains  of  Fr. 
Juan  de  Jesus,  and  the  ornaments  he  had  on  (he  was  undoubtedly 
killed  while  saying  Mass),  were  disinterred  and  brought  to  Santa 
Fe,  Avhere  they  were  buried  with  great  religious  ceremonies.  This 
was  done  in  August,  1694.  The  next  two  months,  September  and 
October,  Vargas  received  the  voluntary  submission  of  all  the 
pueblos  north  of  Santa  Fe  except  San  Juan  and  Picuris,  which 
finally  had  to  surrender  when  De  Vargas  enforced  his  order  by 
capturing  some  184  of  theii'  number.  With  the  submission  of 
these  last-mentioned  pueblos  the  entire  province  was  pacified, 
temporarily  at  least,  for,  partial  uprisings  continued  for  niany 
years  in  all  directions. 

137.  Reassignment  of  Priests — Santa  Cruz  Refounded. — De 
Vargas  and  the  Franciscans  now  began  the  work  of  refounding 
the  colonies  formerly  founded  by  his  predecessors,  and  also  the 
opening  of  missions  in  the  different  pueblos  to  the  north.  Fr. 
Corvero  was  sent  to  San  Ildefonso,  Fr.  Prieto  to  San  Juan,  Fr. 
Obregon  to  Taos.  Priests  were  afterwards  sent  to  the  other 
missions.  After  that  the  refounding  of  settlements  was  com- 
menced. Santa  Cruz  (twenty-five  miles  north  of  Santa  Fe)  was 
the  first  town,  out  of  Santa  Fe,  to  be  repeopled  by  Spaniards, 
with  Father  Antonio  Moreno  in  charge.     This  was  in  1694. 

138.  Another  Insurrection — Cubero  Arrives — De  Vargas  Ar- 
rested— His  Trial  and  Vindication. — In  Xovem])er,  1695,  De 
Vargas  sent  to  the  viceroy  a  full  report  of  what  had  been  ac- 
complished. He  assured  the  viceroy  that  the  countiy  was  ready 
to  receive  more  colonists  without  danger  of  any  further  out- 
break. He  was  mistaken.  In  June  of  1696  a  secret  insurrection 
broke  out  against  the  Spaniards  in  the  pueblos  of  their  former 
enemies,  in  which  seven  priests  and  twenty  soldiers  were  mur- 
dered, the  pueblos  of  Cochiti  and  Tanos  being  the  initiators.  The 
uprising  was  promptly  suppressed.  Just  one  month  after  the 
checking  of  this  uprising,  in  July,  1696,  Don  Pedro  Rodriguez 
de  Cubero  arrived  to  succeed  De  Vargas.  Cubero  assumed  the 
government  at  once,  and  immediately  ordered  an  investigation  of 
certain  charges  made  against  De  Vargas  by  his  own  ofificers.    Af- 


SPANISH  REGIME  81 

ter  a  hearino;  of  tlie  cliarg-es  Cubeio  seiittnict'd  Do  Vargas  to  i)ay 
a  fine  of  .t4,000  and  held  liim  in  jirison  in  Santa  Fe  nearly  three 
years.  De  Vargas  appealed  to  ]\Iexico,  where  he  went  and  vindi- 
cated his  name  in  the  year  1700,  obtaining,  besides,  the  endorse- 
ment of  the  high  tribnnal  that  tried  him,  for  his  reappointment 
as  governor  of  Xew  ]\Iexico. 


CHAPTER  XI 

XXXV 

i:V.).  First  Official  Census  —  Failure  of  Crops  Causes 
Famine. — One  of  Cubi'i'o's  first  official  acts  was  an  iiisi)ection  of 
the  entire  province,  with  tlie  view  of  ascertaining  tlie  exact  num- 
ber of  Spanish  inhabitants  and  their  precise  condition.  He 
found,  after  a  careful  listing  of  families,  the  Spanish  population 
to  be  1,500  souls,  greatly  scattered  and  at  the  point  of  starvation, 
this  sad  condition  having  been  brought  upon  the  Spaniards  by 
failure  of  crops  and  by  the  greed  of  the  merchants  who  had 
gathered  nearly  all  the  corn  and  wheat  of  the  country  and  shipped 
it  to  Durango  and  Chihuahua,  where  they  sold  it  at  exorbitant 
prices.  To  save  his  people,  Cubero  gathered  what  corn  and 
wheat  was  left  and  prohibited  the  further  exportation  of  the 
cereals,  and  distributed  what  he  had  collected  among  the  colo- 
nists and  soldiers. 

140.  French  Expedition  —  Founding  of  Cubero  and  La- 
guna. — In  the  year  1698  a  French  expedition  from  Louisiana  in- 
vaded the  Navajo  territory  to  recover  from  the  Navajoes  a  large 
number  of  horses  and  some  boys  and  girls,  which  the  French 
claimed  had  been  stolen  from  them  by  the  Navajoes  the  year 
before,  while  the  French  were  trying  to  establish  a  colony  near 
the  land  of  the  Quiviras.  The  Navajoes  fought  the  French,  but 
were  routed,  the  French  killing  a  large  number  of  Indians,  but 
failing  to  recover  either  the  stock  or  the  children.  The  following 
year,  1699,  Cubero  founded  two  pueblos,  Cubero  (named  in  his 
honor)  and  San  Jose  de  la  Laguna,  respectively.  These  pueblos 
he  peopled  with  Indians  he  found  scattered,  belonging  to  the 
Queres  nation.  The  pueblo  of  Laguna  still  exists ;  that  of 
Cubero  was  afterwards  abandoned  by  the  Indians  and  resettled 
by  the  Spaniards  under  the  same  name,  and  is  today  a  large  town 
in  the  county  of  Valencia. 

141.  End  of  Cubero 's  Administration — De  Vargas  His  Suc- 
cessor.— Nothing  important  occurred  between  1699  and  1703, 
which  last  mentioned  year  saw  the  close  of  Cubero 's  administra- 


SPANISH  REGIME  83 

tion,  De  Vargas  having  l)eeii  appointed  to  succeed  hiin.  De 
Vargas  arrived  at  Santa  Fe  in  Xovendjer,  1703,  and  found  that 
Ciibero  had  left  secretly,  fearing  punishment  at  the  hands  of 
De  Vargas  on  account  of  the  unjust  and  cruel  punishment  he 
had  inflicted  on  his  rival  in  1696.  De  Vargas,  who  had  been 
honored  mth  the  title  of  Maniuis  of  the  Nava  of  Brazinas,  en- 
tered npon  the  discharge  of  his  duties  at  once. 

142.  Death  of  De  Varg-as — His  Last  Will. — Upon  De  Vargas 
taking  charge  of  the  government,  tlie  very  men  who  had  caused 
his  imprisonment  and  sufferings  were  the  first  to  come  forward 
and  ask  his  forgiveness,  Avhich  De  Vargas  granted  with  the  mag- 
nanimity which  was  characteristic  of  his  noble  heart.  The  next 
year,  1704,  in  April,  De  Vargas  while  on  a  trip  of  inspection,  was 
taken  ill  near  Bernalillo,  at  which  place  he  died  on  the  14th  of 
that  month,  leaving  instructions  in  his  last  will  and  testament  for 
Juan  Paiz  Hurtado  to  assume  charge  of  the  government  and  to 
notify  the  viceroy,  the  Duque  of  Alburquerque,  of  his  demise, 
and  instructing  his  only  heirs  (he  had  no  wife  in  New  Mexico  at 
the  time  of  his  death),  Don  Juan  and  Don  Alonzo,  to  return  to 
Mexico  and  to  grant  the  slave,  Andres,  his  freedom  upon  their 
return  to  Mexico.  De  Vargas'  body  was  brought  to  Santa  Fe, 
where  his  remains  were  buried.  Francisco  Cuervo  y  Valdez  was 
De  Vargas'  successor. 

XXXVI 

143.  Cuervo  y  Valdez. — Valdez  became  governor  of  New 
Mexico  on  the  day  of  his  arrival  in  Santa  Fe,  March  10,  1705, 
until  which  date  Hurtado  had  been  acting  governor.  Valdez 's 
administration  was  of  short  duration  (1705-1707).  In  his  first 
year  of  government  he  did  little  excepting  the  trips  of  inspection 
he  made,  visiting  all  the  pueblos,  during  which  time  he  secured 
the  unconditional  surrender  of  the  provinces  of  the  Zuiii  and 
Moqui  Indians,  which  had  not  to  that  time  ceased  to  trouble  the 
Spaniards.  In  one  of  these  trips  of  inspection  the  Apaches  un- 
expectedly pounced  upon  him  and  his  troops,  but  he  succeeded 
in  defeating  them. 

144.  Founding  of  Alburquerque — End  of  Valdez 's  Term. — 
The  last  thing  Governor  Valdez  did  was  the  founding  of  the  vil- 
lage of  Alburquerque  (now  spelled  Albu(iuerque).  This  event 
took  place  in  the  year  1706,  the  Duque  of  Alburquerque  being  at 
this  time  viceroy  of  Xew  Spain  (Mexico).     He  made  a  settlement 


84 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


of  OKI  Albui'(iu('r(|iu'  willi  thirty  i'ainiiics,  giving  tiie  scttluineut 
the  diKiue's  name  in  honor  of  tlie  viceroy.  Tiie  (lu(|ue  refused  to 
honor  the  settlement  with  his  name,  but  instructed  Vahlez  to 
name  it  San  Felipe  dc  All)ur(|uer(|ue.  The  name  San  Felipe 
was  so  given  in  honor  of  thi'  then  sovereign  of  Spain.  Next 
year,  1707,  Cuervo  y  Valdez  was  succeeded  as  govei-nor  by  Don 
Jose  Chacon  ]\Iedina  Salazar  y  Villasenoi-,  Martpiis  of  La  Pefi- 
uela. 

145.  Salazar  y  Villasenor's  Administration — Battle  with  the 
Navajoes. — The  principal  features  of  Villasenor's  administration 
are  here  numbered.  (1)  His  war  with  the  Navajo  nation,,  which 
took  place  in  1709.     The  fre(juent  raids  of  these  Indians  on  the 


NEW  MEXICO  NORMAL   SCHOOL,   SILVER  CITY,  N.   M. 

Spanish  settlements  had  reduced  the  colonies  to  the  last  degree 
of  poverty,  besides  the  loss  of  nearly  all  their  sheep,  cattle,  and 
horses,  and  hundreds  of  their  girls  and  boys  made  captives  by  the 
Navajoes.  Villasenor  started  for  the  Navajo  country  at  the  head 
of  a  large  force  of  soldiers  and  volunteers,  met  them  in  battle 
in  their  own  country,  and  routed  them  after  a  stubborn  resistance, 
compelling  them  to  sign  a  treaty  of  peace  and  to  restore  to  the 
Spaniards  all  their  stock  and  children.  (2)  The  next  year, 
1710,  Villaseiior  finished  the  repairs  he  was  making  to  the  Chapel 
of  San  Miguel  at  the  time  the  war  wath  the  Navajoes  broke  out, 
causing  his  name  to  be  engraved  in  one  of  the  joists,  which  sup- 
ported the  choir,  still  standing.      (3)  Villasenor  secured  of  Father 


SPANISH   REGIME  85 

Pena  (superior  of  the  Pi-aneisciins  in  New  Mexico)  cooperation 
in  repeopling,  with  waiKk'i'ing  Indians,  several  of  the  deserted 
pueblos,  and  founded  the  pueblo  of  Isleta,  which  is  today  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  progressive  of  the  pueblos  in  the  State. 
(4)  The  last  feature  of  Villasenor's  administration  was  his  re- 
moval from  office  and  sentence  to  pay  .^2,000  fine,  in  the  year 
1712,  on  charges  made  against  him  by  Father  Pena.  Don  Juan 
Ignacio  Flores  ^logoUon  succeeded  him. 

146.  Mog-ollon's  Administration — Battle  with  the  Yutes — 
San  Lorenzo. — The  administration  of  Governor  Juan  Ignacio 
Flores  MogoUon  lasted  from  October  5,  1712,  to  October  30,  1715. 
P)etween  those  dates  he  was  able  to  put  down  a  general  uprising, 
in  1713,  of  all  the  nomadic  tribes  against  the  Spaniards  and  the 
Pueblo  Indians  by  a  most  decisive  battle  fought  in  the  land  of 
the  Yute  Indians,  MogoUon  himself  being  at  the  head  of  the 
army.  He  established,  in  1714,  in  what  is  now  Dona  Ana 
County,  at  a  place  near  Las  Cruces,  a  town  which  he  named  San 
Lorenzo.  That  same  year  he  inflicted  a  very  severe  punishment 
on  the  Acoma  and  the  Navajo  nations,  the  greater  part  of  which 
started  a  seditious  movement  by  the  killing  of  Father  Carlos 
Delgado  at  the  Acoma  pueblo.  It  was  during  this  campaign  that 
the  MogoUon  range  of  mountains,  in  New  Mexico,  was  named 
by  MogoUon  himself.  The  next  year  MogoUon  got  in  trouble 
with  the  Franciscan  Fathers.  MogoUon,  having  decreed  the  dis- 
arming of  all  the  Pueblo  Indians,  the  Fathers  remonstrated 
against  the  decree  on  the  ground  that  the  Pueblos  needed  their 
arms  to  defend  their  homes,  property,  and  families  from  the  fre- 
quent incursions  of  the  wild  tribes.  The  case  was  appealed  to 
Mexico,  the  Fathers  were  sustained,  and  MogoUon  resigned. 

XXXVII 

147.  Government  of  Martinez — MogoUon  Under  Arrest — 
Battles  with  the  Moquis. — Don  Felix  Martinez,  by  virtue  of  his 
office  of  mayor  of  the  village  of  Santa  Fe,  became  the  governor 
de  facto  upon  MogoUon 's  declining  to  act.  Martinez  was  un- 
educated and  of  humble  birth,  but  De  Vargas  rewarded  him,  as 
stated,  for  his  valuable  services,  as  captain,  during  the  reconquest 
of  New  Mexico.  Martinez's  promotion  made  him  proud  and 
cruel,  MogoUon  being  the  first  to  object  to  his  pride.  He  placed 
him  under  arrest,  and,  following  Cubero's  example  (when  he  kept 


86  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

De  Vargas  three  years  in  prison  ineomunkado),  put  him  in  jail, 
and  then  left  Santa  Fe  on  a  campaign  against  the  Motjuis,  with 
whom  he  fought  two  battles,  defeating  them  and  compelling  their 
submission  to  liis  autlioi-ity. 

14S.  Taos  Attacked  by  the  Yutes — Battle  of  Cerro  de  San 
Antonio — Captain  Cerna  the  Hero. — While  Marthiez  was  in  the 
Mo(jui  province,  news  of  the  attack  on  Taos,  and  its  partial  de- 
struction by  the  Yute  Indians,  reached  Santa  Fe.  Captain 
Cerna,  mth  a  large  force  of  Spanish  soldiers,  rushed  out  in  pur- 
suit of  the  Yutes,  overtook  them  at  the  Cerro  of  San  Antonio, 
near  Conejos,  State  of  Colorado,  where  he  defeated  them  after  a 
terrific  slaughter  of  Indians,  recovei-ing  all  the  stock  and  cap- 
tives the  Indians  had  taken.  Among  the  captives  were  fifty 
Spanish  women  and  girls  from  Taos  and  many  Indian  women 
and  girls  from  the  pueblo  of  Taos. 

149.  Martinez  Removed  by  Force — Hurtado  Acting  Gover- 
nor— Cosio  Succeeds. — The  outrageous  doings  of  Martinez  reach- 
ed the  ears  of  the  Viceroy  Mar(iuez  de  Valero,  who  at  once  sent 
Captain  Antonio  Velarde  y  Cosio  to  assume  charge  of  the  gov- 
ernment in  New  Mexico  as  governor  ad  interim.  Upon  the  ar- 
rival of  Cosio  at  Santa  Fe,  Martmez  refused  to  turn  the  govern- 
ment over  to  Cosio,  whereupon  the  viceroy  peremptorily  removed 
him,  commanding  him  to  proceed  to  Mexico  to  answer  charges 
of  insubordination.  j\Iartinez  obeyed  the  order  so  far  as  going 
to  Mexico,  but  declined  to  recognize  Cosio 's  authority,  leaving 
Juan  Paiz  Hurtado  as  governor  ad  inierhn,  while  he  was  absent 
in  Mexico,  for  which  place  he  started  January  20,  1718,  taking 
Mogollon  with  him  as  a  prisoner.  Martinez's  trial  lasted  nearly  a 
year,  ending  with  his  removal  and  a  peremptory  order  on  Hur- 
tado to  deliver  the  government  to  Cosio,  which  order  reached 
Santa  Fe  in  December  of  that  year,  at  which  time  Cosio  took 
formal  possession  of  New  Mexico,  remaining  in  office  until  the 
earlier  part  of  the  year  1721,  when  he  w^as  succeeded  by  Juan 
Estrado  y  Austria. 

150.  First  Public  Schools  in  New^  Mexico — End  of  Cosio 's 
Term. — In  the  month  of  August,  1781,  a  decree  from  the  king 
reached  the  superior  of  the  Franciscan  Fathers  in  New  Mexico 
directing  him  to  establish  free-for-all  schools  in  New  Mexico. 
The  Father  Superior  in  September  of  that  year,  held  a  council 
in  Santa  Fe  in  which  all  the  priests  in  New  Mexico  were  present. 
This  council  established  that  year  free  schools  in  all  the  Spanish 


SPANISH  REGIME  87 

towns  and  in  all  the  Indian  i)U(^l)los,  assigning  to  each  town, 
and  to  each  pueblo  a  large  tract  of  land  to  be  cultivated  by  the 
resident  parents  of  children,  the  crojjs  raised  therefrom  to  be 
paid  to  the  teachers  for  their  labors  as  such.  This  important 
step  occurred  during  Cosio's  time,  although  his  successor,  Juan 
Estrado  y  Austria,  had  already  been  appointed  but  did  not 
reach  Santa  Fe  until  the  end  of  the  year.  Judge  Estrada  y 
Austria  was  sent  to  investigate  the  differences  between  Mar- 
tinez and  Mogollon,  with  the  power  to  act  as  governor  until 
Cosio's  successor  was  appointed,  in  which  capacity  he  acted  un- 
til March  2,  1722,  when  Cosio's  successor,  Don  Juan  Domingo 
de  Bustamante,  arrived  in  Santa  Fe. 

151.  Occurrences  in  Bustamante 's  Time — Other  Governors — 
Jesuit  Missionaries. — Ihistamante's  incumbency  in  office  ex- 
tended from  1722  to  1781,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Don  Ger- 
vaeio  Cruzat  Gongora.  In  1780  occurred  the  tirst  visit  of  two 
Jesuit  missionaries,  Fathers  Francisco  Archundi  and  Father 
Jose  Navaez,  who  established  a  mission  among  the  Moquis,  which 
they  did  not  keep  very  long  because  the  Franciscans  objected, 
claiming  Moqui  as  territory  belonging  to  their  Society.  A  little 
later  (1780-81)  it  was  discovered  that  Bustamante  had  been 
secretly  conducting  an  illicit  ti-ade  with  the  French  traders  from 
Louisiana.  This  criminal  conduct  was  exposed  by  the  Fran- 
ciscans, with  Bustamante 's  removal  as  the  conse(|uence  and  the 
incoming  of  Gongora,  who  entered  upon  his  official  duties,  in 
the  year  1736,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Don  Enrique  de  Ola- 
vide  y  Michalena,  who  governed  until  1739,  during  whose  time 
of  office  Bishop  Elizacoechea  visited  New  Mexico.  Peace  and 
prosperity  reigned  during  the  incumbency  of  Gongora  and 
Michalena,  both  governors  having  suppressed  the  vices  of  im- 
morality, gambling,  and  vagrancy. 

XXXVIII 

152.  Governors  Mendoza,  Rabal,  Capuchin. — Don  Caspar 
Domingo  de  Mendoza  governed  from  178!)  to  1743.  It  was  in 
the  last  year  of  his  administration  (1743)  that  the  iSrst  foreign 
French  colonists,  nine  in  number,  came  into  New  Mexico.  All 
of  them  returned  except  Jean  d'Alay  and  Louis  Marie.  Alay 
settled  in  Santa  Fe,  marrying  a  Spanish  lady.  Marie  settled 
in  Taos,  where  he  paid  the  penalty  of  his  criminal  life  by  death 


88 


HISTORY  OF  NP]W  MEXICO 


on  the  gallows.  It  was  cluriug  JMciidoza's  time  (1742)  tliat 
F'ather  Mota  gave  the  luiinber  of  Spaniards-  in  New  Mexico  at 
9,747,  exclusive  of  soldiers,  the  number  of  Spanish  towns  being 
twenty-four.  From  1748  to  174i),  Don  Joa<|uin  Codallos  y  Kabal 
governed.     Duriiiu'   his   time    (174"))    tlii'cc   ejcsuit    missionaries, 


S.VXTA   FE    IX    1867 

(1)    Santa    Fe's    Old    Cathedral.      (2)     Stone    Arch    of    Xew    Cathedral    in    process    of 
oonstruetion.      (3)    Simon   Del^ado's   Store   and   Residence,   on   which  site  was  the  old 
Spanish    Military    Church.       (4)    Spiegelberg    Block.       (5)    Seligrman's    Store.       (6)    Ex- 
change   Hotel.      (7)     Lamy    corner 

Fathers  Delgado,  Irrigoyen,  and  Toledo,  visited  the  Motiuis,  but 
did  not  establish  a  mission,  contenting  themselves  with  preaching 
for  a  few  months.  Don  Tomas  Vellez  Capuchin  succeeded  Rabal 
(1749)  and  acted  until  1754.  Capuchin's  term  of  office  de- 
veloped nothing  out  of  the  ordinary,  except  a  fight  on  the  staked 


SPANISH   REGIME  89 

])l;iiiis  with  the  Coniaiiche  Imli;ins,  in  whicli  he  recovered  forty 
Spanish  captives,  women  and  chihli'en,  wliieh  the  Indians  had 
just  taken  from  (lalisteo. 

153.  Martin  del  Valle — Bishop  Tamaron. — Francisco  An- 
tonio Martin  del  VaHe  governed  from  1754  to  1760.  His  gov- 
ernment resulted  in  a  complete  failure,  because  of  his  under- 
taking to  nuike  radical  changes  in  the  established  order  of 
things,  coming  near  plunging  the  country  into  a  bloody  revohi- 
tion.  Bishop  Tamaron,  of  Durango,  visited  New  Mexico  in  1760. 
At  this  time  Del  Valle  went  to  Mexico,  leaving  Mateo  Antonio 
de  Mendoza  acting  until  the  arrival  of  Urrizola,  his  successor. 
Don  Manuel  Portillo  de  Urrizola  arrived  in  the  beginning  of 
the  year  1761,  but  was  succeeded  before  the  end  of  the  next 
year  by  Capuchin,  who  had  been  reinstated. 

154.  Capuchin  Again — Discovery  of  Silver  in  Colorado. — 
Capuchin  resumed  his  gubernatorial  duties  in  Felnniary,  1762, 
remaining  in  office  until  1767,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Don 
Pedro  Fermin  de  Mendinueta.  Capuchin  did  much  to  develop 
the  industries  of  New  Mexico.  It  was  through  his  eflforts  that 
Captain  Juan  Maria  Rivera  discovered  rich  silver  mines  in  the 
mountains  of  Colorado,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Gunnison  and 
Uncompaghre  Rivers,  which  they  named  Rio  de  la  Plata,  giving 
a  similar  name  to  the  range  of  mountains  near  the  river. 


CHAPTER  XII 

XXXIX 

155.  Historic  Flood — Harmony  between  Church  and  Civil 
Governments. — Don  Pedro  Fenuin  tie  Mendinueta's  term  of 
office  eoinmenced  in  1767,  and  ended  in  1778.  Mendinueta  was 
the  peer  of  De  Vargas  in  greatness,  foresight,  tact  in  govern- 
ment and  nobility  of  soul.  His  administration  stands  out  in 
glorious  contrast  with  the  governments  of  his  predecessors  and 
of  his  successors.  He  governed  under  more  trying  circumstances 
than  the  former  governors.  Under  him  Santa  Fe  sutfered  the 
greatest  calamity  in  its  history,  an  almost  total  destruction  by  a 
veritable  deluge  in  1767,  which  caused  a  loss  of  property  amount- 
ing to  $200,000,  and  the  loss  of  fifty  lives.  This  desolation  Men- 
dinueta, by  prudence  and  good  management,  was  able  to  sup- 
plant by  a  prompt  rebuilding  of  the  city,  for  which  purpose  he 
placed  his  soldiers  at  the  disposal  of  the  civil  authority.  The 
discord  between  the  ecclesiastical  and  military  authorities,  wdiich 
had  reached  the  point  of  danger,  was  ended  by  Mendinueta,  who 
brought  peace  and  harmony  between  the  two  governments,  thus 
fostering  the  welfare  of  the  coimtry. 

156.  Treaty  of  Peace  with  the  Comanches — Historical  Re- 
port.— Having  established  unity  between  the  fighting  elements, 
Mendinueta's  next  move  was  to  insure  permanent  peace  with  the 
most  dangerous  enemy  of  the  Spaniards,  the  Comanches,  with 
which  nation  he  executed  a  treaty  of  peace,  which  was  scrup- 
ulously kept  by  the  ferocious  Indians,  and  was  celebrated  by  the 
Spaniards  by  a  day  of  thanksgiving,  so  declared  by  a  proclama- 
tion of  Mendinueta.  This  took  place  in  1771.  The  next  year, 
1772,  in  obedience  to  an  order  from  Viceroy  Urisua,  Mendinueta 
made  a  very  complete  report  of  the  lamentable  condition  of  New 
Mexico,  setting  forth  the  abandonment  of  the  colonies  by  the 
central  government ;  how  the  neglected  inhabitants  were  exposed 
to  the  daily  incursions  of  the  savage  Indians,  having  suffered  the 
loss  of  so  many  small  settlements ;  making  the  necessary  recom- 
mendations to  insure  the  uplifting  of  the  people,  and  asking  for 


SPANISH  REGIME 


91 


more  soldiers  to  afford  them  the  much  needed  protection.  This 
report  of  Mendinueta  is  a  conipk'te  history  in  itself  of  New 
Mexico  to  that  date,  March  26,  1772.  (It  is  published  in  full 
in  Read's  lUnsiratcd  Htsfori)  of  Nfw  Mexieo,  pp.  336-.'M0.) 

157.  Discovery  of  Salt  Lake— The  Cliff  Dwellings.— In  the 
fall  of  1776  Mendinueta  sent  two  Franciscan  Fathers,  Escalante 
and  Doniing'uez,  A\nth  an  escort  of  nine  soldiers,  to  discover  a 
shorter  route  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.     The  Fathers  traveled  north- 


wiLLiAM    c.   McDonald 

First     State     Governor,     inaugurated    at    Santa 
Fe    January  15,    1912. 

west  until  they  reached  the  salt  lake,  where  today  stands  the 
capital  of  the  State  of  Utah,  from  which  place  they  returned, 
being  unable  to  go  further  because  of  the  deep  snows  which  ob- 
structed their  march.  The  Fathers  gave  the  lake  the  name  of 
Lago  Salado  (Salt  Lake).  They  returned  by  way  of  Yuma, 
crossing  the  Colorado  River  near  that  place.  It  has  been  as- 
serted by  some  writers  that  Fathers  Escalante  and  Dominguez 


92  HISTORY  OF  NP^W  MEXICO 

visited  the  cliff  (Iwelliuj^s  in  Sau  Juan  County,  New  IMexico,  and 
in  Colorado.  Hut  the  assertion  is  a  mere  conjecture ;  no  authority 
can  be  found  to  support  it. 

158.  Government  Changed — Mendinueta's  Successor — Bat- 
tle with  Cuerno  Verde,— In  the  year  1777  the  form  of  govern- 
ment was  ehant>:ed  by  consolidating  New  Mexico,  Durango, 
Sonora,  and  Chihuahua  into  one  province,  with  a  commandant- 
general  over  the  entire  province.  The  change  deprived  Nevy 
IMexico 's  governor  of  the  title  and  rank  of  captain-general.  Men- 
dinueta  did  not  like  the  change,  his  time  not  having  expired. 
He  placed  New  Mexico  in  charge  of  Don  Francisco  Trevol  and 
left  for  Mexico  the  next  year,  in  May,  1778.  Trevol  acted  as 
governor  until  August  1778,  when  Mendinueta's  successor,  Don 
Juan  Bautista  de  Anza,  arrived,  and  governed  the  country  until 
June,  1789,  when  Don  Fernando  de  la  ('oncha  succeeded  him. 
De  la  Concha  was  in  office  until  1794,  at  which  time  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Don  Fernando  Chacon,  whose  term  of  office  lasted 
until  1805.  It  was  Governor  Anza  who,  with  a  large  force  of 
men'  and  Indians  from  the  pueblos,  at  a  place  near  the  city  of 
Hutchinson,  State  of  Kansas,  in  1779,  met  the  much  dreaded 
Comanche  chief,  Cuerno  Verde  (Green  Horn),  in  a  bloody  hand- 
to-hand  tight,  in  which  Cuerno  Verde  and  five  of  his  captains 
were  killed,  the  Spaniards  capturing  200  Comanche  warriors. 
The  loss  on  the  Spanish  side  was  great  in  killed  and  wounded. 
De  la  Concha's  government  was  devoid  of  any  important  events. 

XL 

159.  Governor  Fernando  Chacon  —  First  American  Mer- 
chants.— The  government  of  Don  Fernando  Chacon  (1794-1805) 
experienced  no  drawbacks  of  consequence.     It  was  of  great  bene- 

.fit  to  the  country,  because  he  gave  a  new  and  lasting  start  to 
the  industries  and  a  great  impulse  to  the  cause  of  education. 
The  Navajo  nation,  having  declared  war  against  the  Spaniards 
(1804),  Chacon  lost  no  time  in  smothering  the  seditious  move- 
ment before  it  had  been  put  into  execution.  This  same  year 
(1804)  commercial  trade  with  the  United  States  was  introduced 
into  New  Mexico  by  the  arrival  in  Santa  Fe  of  John  Baptiste 
(Juan  Bautista)  Lalande,  who  had  been  sent  with  merchandise 
by  a  merchant  named  Morrison  from  Kaskaskia,  Illinois.  La- 
lande married  a  Spanish  lady  in  Santa  Fe  and  never  went  back 


SPANISH   REGIME  93 

to  Illinois,  iieitlK'r  did  he  return  the  money  to  Morrison.  The 
next  year  Chacon  was  succeeded  ))y  Don  Joa(|uin  del  Real  Ah-n- 
caster,  who  administered  the  ii^overnment  until  the  year  1S08. 

160.  Arrival  of  James  Pursley— Arrest  of  Zebulon  Pike. — 
In  June,  1805,  another  Xorlh  American,  a  carpenter  named 
James  Pursley,  arrived  and  settled  in  Santa  Fe.  In  the  year 
1807  Colonel  Zehulon  Pike,  at  the  head  of  an  escort  of  American 
soldiers,  was  captured  by  Sj)anisli  soldiers  while  encamped  close 
to  the  Rio  Grande,  near  tlie  site  of  the  town  of  Alamosa,  State 
of  Colorado,  where  he  had  built  a  fortification  and  raised  the 
American  flag.  Pike  was  not  an  invader;  he  had  been  sent  on 
an  ex[)loring  expedition  and  was  not  aware  that  he  had  reached 
Spanish  territory.  Pike  and  his  party  were  brought  to  Santa 
Fe,  and  from  there  they  were  sent  as  prisoners  to  Chihuahua 
where  they  were  tried  and  ac(iuitted.  This  event  marked  thg 
close  of  Alencaster's  administration,  Don  Alberto  Mainez  suc- 
ceeding him  as  acting  governor  for  a  very  short  while  only,  Don 
Jose  Manrique,  Alencaster's  successor,  having  assumed  his  of- 
ficial duties  before  the  end  of  the  year  1808,  and  governed  New 
Mexico  until  1811:. 

161.  Pino's  Election  as  Delegate  to  Spain — His  History  of 
New  Mexico  and  Great  Speech  before  the  King-. — The  admin- 
istration of  Governor  Manri(jue  was  rich  in  valuable  incidents, 
the  first  occurrence  of  unusual  importance  taking  place  in  1810. 
This  was  the  election,  under  a  royal  decree,  of  the  first  and  last 
delegate  from  New  Mexico  to  the  Spanish  Parliament  (Cortes) 
in  Spain.  In  the  absence  of  a  city  council  that  year  in  Santa 
Fe,  Governor  Manri((ue  called  a  meeting  of  all  the  justices  of 
the  peace  at  Santa  Fe  to  select  the  delegate.  There  were  six 
candidates  voted  for,  the  vote  resulting  in  a  tie  between  three 
of  the  candidates  receiving  the  highest  number,  namely,  An- 
tonio Ortiz,  Juan  Rafael  Ortiz,  and  Pedro  Bautista  Pino,  the 
last  named  being  selected  by  lot.  Don  Pedro  Bautista  Pino 
started  for  Spain  shortly  after  his  election  (1810)  and  remained 
there  as  delegate  until  1820,  when  the  independence  of  Mexico 
separated  New  Mexico  from  the  mother  country.  While  in 
Spain,  Pino  published  a  very  interesting  pamphlet  on  New 
Mexico  entitled,  Noticias  Historicas  de  Nuevo  Mexico  (published 
almost  entire  in  Read's  lUustrated  History  of  New  Mexico). 
November  28,  1812,  Pino  delivered,  before  the  Parliament  and 
king  at  Cadiz,  Spain,  a  most  touching  address  on  the  extreme 


94  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

sufferings  of  his  people,  telling  tiie  king  tiiat  unless  conditions 
were  changed  for  the  better  New  Mexico  was  sure  to  join  the 
American  I'nion.  (This  speech  is  also  partly  i-<'produee(]  in 
Read's  III usi valid  Ilislori/  of  N(ic  Mexico.) 

162.  McKnight,  Glen,  Becknell,  and  Cooper. — In  1812  an 
expedition  came  from  !St.  Louis,  ^iissouri,  to  Santa  Fe  under 
McKnight,  bringing  along  with  them  a  pack  of  mules  loaded 
with  merchandise.  At  Santa  P'e  they  were  looked  upon  as  spies, 
their  effects  were  confiscated,  and  they  were  sent  to  Chihuahua 
as  prisoners.  The  same  year  two  other  strangers  came,  one  of 
them  named  Glen  (from  Ohio),  who  came  to  sell  merchandise, 
and  the  other  called  Becknell.  These  were  followed  the  same 
year  by  others  to  the  number  of  fifteen,  under  the  command  of 
an  individual  called  Cooper,  also  with  merchandise.  With  this 
last  expedition  of  merchants,  the  trade  between  New  Mexico 
and  Missouri  became  established,  and  from  New  Mexico  it  ex- 
tended down  to  Chihuahua. 


MEXICAN  RULE— 1821-1846 

CHAPTER  XIII 

XLI 

163.  End  of  Spanish  Regime. — Alberto  Mainez  succeeded 
Manriqiie  in  1815,  and  governed  nntil  1817,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Pedro  Marie  AUande  (1818),  who  acted  until  1821, 
when  Facundo  Melgares  succeeded  him.  During  these  six  years 
(1815-1821)  nothing  was  accoini)lished  by  the  governors  because 
the  war  with  Mexico,  which  was  then  on  against  Spain,  did  not 
permit  it,  the  country  being  greatly  excited  over  the  war  and 
the  frequent  Indian  depredations  in  New  Mexico,  which  came  to 
an  end  in  1821,  when  JMexico  became  an  independent  nation, 
Melgares'  term  closing  the  Spanish  regime,  which  had  lasted 
223  years  in  New  Mexico. 

164.  New  Mexico  Under  an  Emperor. — At  the  end  of  the 
war  Mexico  became  an  empire,  with  Don  Augustin  de  Iturbide 
as  its  first  emperor.  This  imperial  form  of  government  lasted 
from  March  4,  1821,  to  the  year  1824,  when  the  nation  became 
a  republic  with  Guadalupe  Victoria  and  Nicolas  Bravo  as  presi- 
dent and  vice-president,  respectively.  The  new  imperial  gov- 
ernment was  represented  in  New  Mexico  by  Governors  Francisco 
Xavier  and  Antonio  Viscarra.  At  the  beginning  of  the  repub- 
lican fonn  of  government,  Don  Bartolome  Baca  became  Vis- 
carra's  successor  and  the  next  year,  1825,  was  succeeded  by  An- 
tonio de  Narbona,  who  governed  until  1828,  with  Viscarra  and 
Manuel  Armijo  acting  at  short  intervals  ad  interim  between 
those  dates  (1825-28). 

165.  The  Territory  of  New  Mexico — More  Foreigners — Real 
de  Dolores — First  School  Law. — New  Mexico  became  a  Territory 
of  the  Republic  of  Mexico,  l)y  decree  of  the  Mexican  Congress, 
in  the  year  1824.  Between  the  years  1822  and  1827  the  foreign 
population  of  New  IMexico  was  increased  by  the  coming  of  many 
more  North  Americans,  among  them  being  Ceran  St.  Vrain,  Kit 
Carson,  and  Charles  Bent,  the  last  three  figuring  afterwards 


MEXICAN  RULE  97 

prominently  in  Nt'w  ^Mexico  liistory.  Towards  the  close  of  the 
year  1827  the  rich  mining  placers  known  as  Real  de  Dolores, 
in  Santa  Fe  County,  were  discovered  by  Don  Ignacio  Cano  (ma- 
ternal grandfather  of  the  author  of  this  work).  Between  those 
dates  the  Provincial  Deputation  was  organized  in  Santa  Fe,  and 
at  its  first  meeting  (1822)  the  Assembly  passed  the  first  public 
school  law  under  the  new  government. 

166.  List  of  Governors.  1827-1846— Bishop  Zubiria— The 
First  Newspaper — The  Territory  Abolished. — From  Xarbona's 
time  to  the  year  1816,  New  Mexico  had  the  following  governors: 
Jose  Antonio  Chavez,  1828-1881 ;  Santiago  Abreu,  1881-18:38 ; 
Francisco  Sarracino,  Juan  Rafael  Ortiz,  and  Mariano  Chavez 
(the  last  two  acting  ad  interim),  1888-1884;  Albino  Perez,  1885- 
1887;  Pedro  Munoz,  1887-1888;  Manuel  Armijo,  1888-1844; 
Mariano  Martinez  Lejanza,  1844-1845  ;  (ad  interim  a  short  time), 
1845;  Manuel  Armijo,  1845-1846;  Juan  Bautista  Vigil  (for  a 
few  days  when  the  annexation  took  place),  1846.  This  last 
named  was  succeeded  by  Governor  Bent,  first  governor  under 
the  American  government.  Between  those  dates,  1828-1846,  the 
following  events  transpired :  the  last  otficial  visit  to  New  Mexico 
of  Bishop  Zubiria  (1848)  ;  the  publication  of  the  first  newspa- 
per at  Taos  (1885),  by  Rev.  Antonio  Jose  Martinez,  the  paper's 
title  being  EI  CrepuseuJo  (The  Dawn)  ;  the  territorial  form  of 
government  was  abolished  and  New  Mexico  made  a  Department 
(1885),  its  Assembly  (Provincial  Deputation)  changing  its 
name  to  "Departmental  Assembly."  The  commercial  relations 
with  the  United  States  became  established  (as  shown  in  another 
part  of  this  book)  and  the  industries  were  greatly  advanced. 

XLII 

167.  The  Chimayo  Rebellion — Governor  Perez's  Assassina- 
tion.— Don  Albino  Perez  came  to  New  Mexico  as  successor  of 
Governor  Francisco  Sarracino  in  April,  1885,  and  at  once  as- 
sumed charge  of  the  government.  Governor  Perez  was  a  colonel 
in  the  Mexican  army,  highly  cultured,  and  of  an  amiable  dis- 
position. He  was  appointed  governor  under  the  new  constitu- 
tion which  had  just  been  adopted  in  Mexico.  Under  this  change 
of  government  New  Mexico  was  made  a  Department,  and  given 
authority  to  enact  laws  imposing  a  tax  for  governmental  pur- 
poses.    New"   Mexico's  treasury    was  then   without   funds,   and 


MEXICAN  RULE  99 

Governor  Perez  reeoiuinended  the  passage  of  a  revenue  law, 
which  was  passed  and  signed  by  Perez  June  9,  1836.  This  law 
imposed  a  tax  on  merchants,  stock  raisers,  peddlers,  theatei-s, 
and  on  all  business  occupations.  Its  enforcement  brought  about 
in  1837  the  rebellion  of  the  northern  part  of  New  Mexico,  the 
Pueblo  Indians  of  northern  Xew  Mexico  taking  part,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  assassination  of  Governor  Perez,  and  other  pul)lic 
officials  August  9,  1837,  and  the  taking  of  Santa  Fe  by  the 
rebels  the  same  day. 

168.  Jose  Gonzales  Made  Governor — Manuel  Armijo  made 
Commandant. — The  rebels,  after  taking  possession  of  Santa  Fe, 
elected  Jose  Gonzales  as  governor.  Gonzales  immediately  took 
charge  of  affairs  and  began  his  activities  by  ordering  the  con- 
fiscation of  the  property  belonging  to  Perez  and  his  subordinates 
and  dividing  it  among  his  men.  In  the  meantime  the  loyal 
citizens  met  at  Tome  (Valencia  County)  and  in  a  public  meeting 
adopted  a  "Proclamation  of  War"  against  the  rebels,  naming 
Don  Manuel  Armijo  (General  Armijo)  as  commandant  of  the 
volunteer  forces,  which  he  was  authorized  to  enlist.  The  Procla- 
mation is  dated  at  Tome  (published  in  Read's  Illustrated  His- 
tory of  Nciv  3Icxico),  September  8,  1837,  and  is  signed  by  Man- 
uel Armijo  (the  general),  Jose  Salazar,  Pablo  Salazar,  J.  Fran- 
cisco Montoya,  Miguel  Olona,  and  Manuel  Madariaga. 

169.  Rebel  Leaders  Executed — End  of  the  Revolution — 
Armijo  becomes  Governor. — Immediately  after  his  election  Ar- 
mijo organized  an  army  of  volunteers,  and  with  the  scattering 
regular  soldiers  which  were  at  Santa  Fe  under  their  captain 
(Caballero)  began  an  energetic  campaign.  The  rebels  surren- 
dered without  much  fighting,  and  General  Armijo  ordered  the 
execution  of  the  four  rebel  leaders,  Desiderio  Montoya,  Antonio 
Aban  y  Montoya,  Jose  Esquibel,  and  Juan  Vigil,  who  were  shot 
in  Santa  Fe  January  24.  1838,  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning. 
That  ended  the  revolution.  Armijo  was  proclaimed  governor, 
and  his  election  was  speedily  confirmed  by  the  central  govern- 
ment at  Mexico,  and  Armijo  made  a  general  of  the  army. 

XLIII 

170.  American  Consulate. — The  constant  coming  of  Amer- 
icans gave  New  Mexico  increased  impulse;  her  mercantile  trade 
with  the  United  States  attracted  the  attention  of  the  United 


100  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

Stales  govenunent  to  tlie  oxtout  of  cstnblishiiig  in  Santa  Fe  a 
consulate,  wliicli  it  did  in  the  veai-  1825,  with  Augustus  Storrs 
as  fii'st  consul.  Don  ]\Ianuel  Alvares  was  appointed  American 
consul  March  21,  18.'5f),  and  renuiined  as  such  until  March  18, 1846, 
when  the  consulate  was  discontinued  on  account  of  the  war 
which  the  United  States  declared  on  Mexico  (March  13,  1846). 
Alvarez  was  retained  in  office  in  charge  of  a  bureau  created  by 
the  United  States  under  the  name,  "Conunercial  Agency  of  the 
United  States." 

171.  Texan  Invasion. — Texas,  after  it  ceased  to  belong  to 
Mexico,  claimed  New  Mexico  as  i)art  of  her  territory,  and  her 
citizens  made  several  efiforts  to  annex  it  to  Texas.  The  first  at- 
tempt was  an  invasion  made  in  the  year  1841,  by  an  expedition 
of  320  armed  men,  which  left  Austin  June  18th,  under  the  com- 
mand of  General  McLeod.  The  expedition  entered  New  Mexico 
near  Fort  Sumner  (now  Guadalupe  County),  and  traveled  as 
far  as  Laguna  Colorada  (Red  Lake),  near  Tucumcari,  where 
General  Armijo,  then  governor  of  New  Mexico,  met  them  with 
a  large  army  and  captured  all  without  firing  a  shot,  in  October, 
1841.  Armijo  brought  his  prisoners  to  the  town  of  San  Miguel, 
where  the  vanguard  of  the  Texan  expedition  were  in  jail:  Cap- 
tain Louis  Van  Ness,  Howard  Fitzgerald,  and  Kendall,  who  had 
been  previously  captured  at  Antonchico  (near  San  Miguel)  by 
Salazar,  one  of  Armijo 's  captains;  and  from  there  sent  them 
all  on  foot  to  Mexico  (October  17th).  Armijo 's  conduct  in  cap- 
turing the  Texans  is  worthy  of  all  praise,  but  his  treatment  of 
them  after  he  made  them  prisoners  deserves  severe  condemna- 
tion. Other  expeditions,  in  the  nature  of  banditti,  were  made 
by  Texans.  One  in  1843,  under  John  McDaniel,  which  only  at- 
tacked the  freighting  caravans,  killing  a  prominent  man,  Don 
Manuel  Chavez,  while  on  his  way  to  the  Missouri.  The  same 
year  (1843)  another  bandit  from  Texas  named  Wordfield,  with 
twenty-four  men,  attacked  the  town  of  Mora  at  night,  killing 
five  men  and  stealing  many  horses.  The  third  and  last  raid 
was  made  by  another  Texan,  Snively,  which  resulted  in  the  killing 
of  Captain  Lovato  by  Snively 's  men,  near  Fort  Bent,  and  the 
capture  of  Snively  and  his  force  by  Captain  John  Cook,  of  the 
American  army,  then  stationed  at  Fort  Bent  to  escort  the  cara- 
vans and  protect  them  from  the  Indians. 


CHAPTER  XIV 

XLIV 

172.  .Narrow  Escape  of  Governor  Lejanza. — Governor  Mar- 
iano Martinez  de  Lejanza,  while  sitting  in  his  office  in  the  Gov- 
ernor's Palace  at  Santa  Fe,  in  the  year  1844,  was  assaulted  by  a 
party  of  Ynte  Indians  who  had  come  to  Santa  Fe  in  large  num- 
bers, ostensibly  to  make  a  treaty  of  peace.  The  Indian  chiefs 
became  excited  while  discussing  the  treaty  and  unexpectedly 
made  a  murderous  assault  upon  the  governor,  who,  while  fight- 
ing for  his  life,  was  saved  by  the  timely  interference  of  his  wife, 
who  rushed  into  the  room  and  with  a  chair  in  her  hands  kept 
the  Indians  from  murdering  her  husband  until  her  outcries  at- 
tracted the  soldiers  outside.  A  general  fight  followed,  in  which 
many  Indians  were  killed,  the  rest  escaping  with  great  difficulty. 

173.  Last  Election  Under  Mexican  Rule. — On  October  7, 
1845,  the  commission — electoral  board — which  under  the  law  was 
charged  with  the  election  of  the  deputy  to  the  National  Congress 
and  the  members  of  the  Departmental  Assembly,  met  in  Santa 
Fe  and  elected  Tomas  Chavez  y  Castillo  as  delegate  and  Vicente 
Vergara  as  substitute.  For  the  Assembly,  the  Rev.  Antonio  Jose 
Martinez,  Tomas  Ortiz,  Juan  Perea,  Juan  Cristobal  Armijo,  and 
Felipe  Sena  were  elected  as  regular  members,  and  Serafin  Ram- 
irez, Vicente  Martinez,  and  Santiago  Armijo  as  substitutes.  This 
was  the  last  set  of  officials  named  under  the  authority  of  the 
Mexican  government,  and  they  acted  until  the  invasion  of  New 
Mexico  and  the  taking  of  Santa  Fe  by  the  American  forces,  which 
took  place  in  the  month  of  August  the  next  year,  1846. 

174.  Preparations  to  Fight  the  Invaders. — The  time  was  ripe 
for  a  change  of  government.  The  war  between  the  United 
States  and  Mexico  was  on,  and  New  Mexico  was  made  the  objec- 
tive point  of  the  third  division  of  the  American  army.  The  al- 
most criminal  neglect  and  cruel  apathy  with  which  New  Mexico 
had  been  treated  by  the  governments  of  Spain  and  Mexico  had 
made  the  change  inevitable,  yet  the  love  for  the  mother  countiy 
had   not  died  in  the  hearts  of  the  descendants  of  the  conquis- 


MEXICAN  RULE  103 

tadores;  many  there  were  who  wanted  to  resist  the  rumored 
invasion;  others  thought  it  unwise  to  make  any  resistance,  not 
having  an  army  or  munitions  of  war,  nor  funds  to  organize  a 
volunteer  force,  nor  money  to  pay  the  patriots  who  would  want 
to  fight  for  Mexico;  General  Armijo  tried  to  borrow  from  the 
city  council  $1,000  with  which  to  buy  provisions  for  the  few 
soldiers  he  had,  and  the  volunteers  he  could  bring  together,  but 
the  council  refused  to  extend  the  asked-for  funds.  With  all  that 
the  preparations  were  made  by  Armijo,  who,  on  the  8th  of  Au- 
gust, 1846,  issued  his  last  proclamation  (published  in  Read's 
Illmirated  History  of  New  Mexico)  calling  on  all  New  Mexicans 
to  respond  to  the  call  of  the  country.  The  proclamation  had  the 
desired  effect,  and  Armijo  raised  an  army  of  Spaniards  and  In- 
dians, each  man  furnishing  his  own  arms. 

XLV 

175.  Invasion  by  the  American  Army. — The  annexation,  or 
rather  the  admission  of  Texas  into  the  American  Union,  in  the 
year  1845,  was  one  of  the  principal  causes  that  brought  about 
the  war  wath  Mexico.  There  was  another  reason  which  made 
that  war  imperative,  being  the  desire  on  the  part  of  the  pro- 
slavery  party,  then  in  power  in  the  United  States,  to  extend 
slavery  into  New  Mexico,  in  order  to  perpetuate  that  inhuman 
institution  in  the  American  Union.  The  United  States  having, 
declared  war  against  Mexico  (May,  1846),  there  was  no  alterna- 
tive left  to  Mexico  other  than  to  declare  war  also  against  the 
United  States,  which  she  did  in  June,  1846.  The  same  month 
the  Third  Division  of  the  American  army,  under  Colonel  S.  W. 
Kearny  (known  in  history  as  the  "Army  of  the  West''),  set  out 
from  Fort  Leavenworth,  to  invade  and  conquer  New  Mexico. 
This  army  consisted  of  300  soldiers  of  the  regidar  army,  a  cav- 
alry regiment  under  Colonel  Doniphan,  and  700  volunteers,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  1,700  men.  This  army  was  followed  afterwards 
by  another  army  of  1,800  men,  under  Colonel  Sterling  Price, 
making  a  total  of  3,500  men — infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery. 

176.  March  of  the  American  Army — The  Taking  of  Las 
Vegas. — The  army  reached  Fort  Bent,  on  the  Arkansas  River, 
August  2d,  where  Lieutenant  Colonel  Emory,  chief  of  the  corps 
of  topographical  engineers,  Avas  awaiting  for  Kearny.  Here 
Kearny  issued  a  Proclamation  of  Annexation.     From  Fort  Bent 


104  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

tlie  iiuiix'li  was  contiiuu'd  witlioul  delay.  On  llic  r)tli  of  August 
Kearny  sent  by  Captain  Cook  a  copy  of  the  Proclamation  to 
Armijo  at  Santa  Fe.  Cook  delivered  his  message  to  Armijo 
and  brought  Armijo's  answer  to  Kearny,  without  loss  of  time. 
Armijo 's  answer  was  a  refusal  to  surrender  the  Territory  to 
Kearny.  On  the  15th  day  of  August,  at  8  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, the  Americans  reached  Las  W'gas  and  Kearny  took  formal 
possession  of  the  town  in  the  name  of  the  American  government ; 
administered  the  oath  to  the  alcalde  and  two  military  officers  and 
a  few  soldiers  of  the  Mexican  anny,  and  to  the  rest  of  the  people, 
continuing  the  alcalde  in  office.  In  the  course  of  his  address 
Kearny  said:  "Mr.  Alcalde  and  people  of  New  ]\Iexico;  I  have 
come  amongst  you  by  order  of  my  government  to  take  possession 
of  your  country  and  extend  over  it  the  laws  of  the  United 
States.  We  come  amongst  you  as  friends  not  as  enemies;  as 
protectors  not  as  conquerors ;  we  come  among  you  for  your  bene- 
fit not  for  your  injury. ' ' 

177.  The  Taking  of  Santa  Fe — Vigil's  Proclamation. — After 
establishing  his  authority  at  Las  Vegas,  Kearny  continued  his 
march  on  to  Santa  Fe,  expecting  to  meet  Armijo's  army  in  bat- 
tle at  Canon  del  Apache,  eighteen  miles  from  Santa  Fe,  where 
Armijo,  with  a  large  army  of  men  and  Indians,  was  waiting  for 
the  invaders.  On  the  18th  of  August,  early  in  the  morning,  the 
American  army  reached  the  Canon  del  Apache,  arrayed  in  line 
of  battle;  but  to  Kearny's  surprise  it  w'as  found  that  Armijo  and 
his  men  had  deserted,  leaving  the  road  open  to  Santa  Fe.  Ar- 
mijo's men,  on  learning  how  well  equipped  the  American  army 
was,  and  they  having  no  arms  or  disciplined  army  to  oppose,  had 
concluded  to  disband.  Kearny  soon  received  an  official  invita- 
tion from  Juan  Bautista  Vigil,  the  acting  governor,  inviting  him 
to  proceed  to  Santa  Fe,  stating  that  he  was  ready  to  turn  the 
country  over  to  the  American  government,  and  advising  Kearny 
of  Armijo's  flight.  Vigil  at  the  same  time  had  issued  a  procla- 
mation, advising  the  citizens  of  Santa  Fe  of  the  approach  of  the 
American  army,  and  nrging  them  not  to  leave  their  homes. 
Kearny  entered  Santa  Fe  at  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  at  the 
head  of  a  column  of  American  soldiers  August  18,  1846,  receiving 
a  cordial  reception  from  Governor  Vigil  and  the  other  officials. 
At  sundown  that  day  the  American  flag  was  hoisted  over  the 
Palace,  and  a  salute  of  thirteen  guns  was  fired.  Thus  ended  the 
third  epoch  of  New  Mexico's  history  and  Mexican  rule. 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION 

CHAPTER  XV 

XLVI 

178.  Annexation  Accomplished. — Four  days  after  his  arrival 
in  Santa  Fe,  August  22,  1846,  General  Kearny,  in  the  public 
plaza,  in  the  presence  of  the  American  officers  and  the  citizens  of 
Santa  Fe,  published  his  Proclamation  declaring  the  official  an- 
nexation of  New  Mexico,  with  its  name  and  original  boundaries, 
as  a  Territory  of  the  American  Union,  promising  that  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  would  "give  the  people  of  New 
Mexico,  without  delay,  a  free  government  identical  with  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  other  States  of  the  American  Union."  All  the 
officials  in  office  under  the  ]\Iexiean  government  on  August  18th 
(except  Armijo)  were  temporarily  retained  by  General  Kearny. 

179.  Territorial  Officials  Appointed— The  Bill  of  Rights.— 
One  month  later  (September  22,  1846)  General  Kearny  made 
public  the  appointment  of  Territorial  officials  as  follows: 

"Being  duly  authorized  by  the  President  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  I  do,  by  these  presents,  make  the  following  appoint- 
ment of  officers  for  the  government  of  New  Mexico,  as  a  Terri- 
tory of  the  United  States.  The  officers  so  appointed  shall  be 
respected  and  obeyed  as  such.  Charles  Bent  for  governor ;  Don- 
aciano  Vigil  for  secretary  of  the  Territory;  Richard  Dalam  for 
marshal ;  Francis  P.  Blair,  for  United  States  district  attorney ; 
Charles  Blumner,  for  treasurer;  Eugene  Leitendorfer,  for  audi- 
tor of  public  accounts;  Joah  Houghton,  Antonio  Jose  Otero, 
Charles  Beaubien,  for  justices  of  the  supreme  court. 

' '  Given  in  Santa  Fe,  the  capital  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mex- 
ico, today,  the  22d  day  of  September,  1846,  and  in  the  71st  year 
of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States. 

"S.  W.  Kearny,  Brigadier  General." 

On  the  same  day  General  Kearny  gave  New  Mexico  its  first 
code  of  laws  under  the  American  government  under  the  title  of 
"Bill  of  Rights." 


106  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

180.  Kearny  Leaves  for  California — Kit  Carson — Doniphan 
Goes  to  Mexico — Battle  of  Brazito. — On  tlu'  25th  day  of  Septem- 
ber, 1846,  General  Kearny,  after  leaving  instructions  for  Colonel 
Doniphan  to  continue  with  his  division  on  to  Chihuahua,  and  for 
Colonel  Price  to  follow  to  California,  started  for  California  with 
a  large  portion  of  the  American  army.  At  Socorro  he  met  Kit 
Carson,  Avho  was  on  his  way  from  California  to  Washington  with 
ot^cial  messages  from  General  Fremont.  Kearny  took  Carson 
with  him  as  guide,  and  sent  Fremont's  messages  on  to  Washing- 
ton by  another  escort.  Doniphan  leit  Santa  Fe  with  his  divi- 
sion for  Chihuahua,  on  the  17th  day  of  October,  1846,  meeting 
a  Mexican  army  of  900  men  at  Brazito,  in  Dona  Ana  County, 
New  Mexico,  under  Captain  Ponce  de  Leon,  where  a  battle  was 
fought,  in  which  Doniphan  defeated  Ponce  de  Leon. 

XLVII 

Rebellion  and  Massacre 

181.  Anti-American  Pronouncement. — Notwithstanding  the 
seemingly  well  established  peace  after  Kearny  had  left  for  Cali- 
fornia and  Doniphan  for  Chihuahua  there  were  quite  a  number 
of  prominent  Mexicans  who  had  not  recognized  the  new  govern- 
ment, remaining  loyal  to  Mexico.  After  Kearny's  taking  of 
Santa  Fe  these  men  did  not  cease  one  moment  from  secretly  fos- 
tering a  revolution.  The  movement  was  headed  by  Diego  Arch- 
uleta (who  afterwards  became  a  useful  American  citizen),  of 
Rio  Arriba  County,  and  Don  Tomas  Ortiz  and  Jose  Manuel 
Gallegos  (the  last  two  mentioned,  like  Archuleta,  becoming  af- 
terwards prominent  American  citizens,  Gallegos  serving  one  term 
as  delegate  in  the  United  States  Congress),  both  of  Santa  Fe. 
The  uprising  had  its  supporters  in  Santa  Fe,  Taos,  Mora,  and 
Las  Vegas.  The  conspiracy  was  hatched  in  Santa  Fe,  December 
12,  1846,  and  the  plan  in  the  four  towns  mentioned  was  to 
assassinate  simultaneously  all  the  Americans  in  New  Mexico,  on 
the  19th  of  the  month;  but  at  another  meeting  held  fourteen 
days  after  (December  16th),  it  was  agreed  to  postpone  the  blow 
untl  the  24th  of  the  month.  The  conspiracy  was  discovered  by 
Governor  Bent,  but  not  in  time  to  prevent  the  massacre.  The 
conspirators,  on  learning  that  their  plans  had  been  discovered, 
postponed  the  execution  until  January  19,  1847. 

182.  Killing  of  Governor  Bent  and  Others. — Governor  Bent, 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  107 

being  well  aware  of  every  move  made  by  the  conspirators,  left 
Santa  Fe  for  Taos,  where  his  family  resided,  on  the  14th  of 
January,  1847,  and  on  the  night  of  January  the  19th  (the  day 
fixed  for  the  blow)  was  assassinated  by  the  rebels  and  the  In- 
dians from  Taos  pueblo.  The  same  night,  Don  Cornelio  Vigil, 
prefect  of  Taos,  Pablo  Jaramillo,  and  Narcizo  Beaubien  were 
also  assassinated  in  Taos.  One  American  named  Lee  and  the 
American  families  of  Taos  escaped  assassination  by  fleeing  at 
midnight  to  Father  Antonio  Jose  Martinez's  house,  where  they 
received  the  shelter  and  protection  of  the  Father.  Another 
party  was  assassinated,  the  same  night,  at  Arroyo  Hondo  (close 
to  Taos),  Simon  Turley,  Turbush  Hartfield,  one  Austin,  and 
John  Albert.  At  Mora  the  same  night,  seven  Americans,  named 
Waldo,  Cavanaugh,  Praett,  Colver,  Noyes,  Howard,  and  Head 
were  killed.  None  were  killed  at  Las  Vegas,  because  of  the 
timely  protection  given  the  Americans  by  the  justice  of  the 
peace  of  that  place,  Don  Juan  de  Dios  Maes.  No  one  was  killed 
in  Santa  Fe. 

183.  Price  Punished  the  Insurrectos — Battles  of  Santa  Cruz, 
Embudo,  Taos,  and  Mora.  The  next  day  (January  20th)  the 
news  of  the  massacre  reached  Santa  Fe.  Colonel  Sterling  Price, 
then  commanding  in  New  Mexico,  at  once  took  energetic  measures 
to  check  the  rebellion.  With  300  men,  comprising  soldiers  of  the 
United  States  army  and  a  company  of  Spanish  Amencan  volun- 
teers under  Captain  Ceran  St.  Vrain,  he  left  for  Taos  January 
23,  1847,  after  ordering  Captains  Hendly  and  Morin  to  proceed 
to  Mora  and  Las  Vegas  with  a  company  of  eighty  soldiers. 
Price  was  met  by  an  insurrecto  force  at  Santa  Cruz  (twenty-five 
miles  north  of  Santa  Fe)  and  at  Embudo  (some  sixty  or  seventy 
miles  from  Santa  Fe).  At  both  places  battles  were  fought,  re- 
sulting in  the  defeat  of  the  insurrectos  \^dth  a  loss  (at  Santa 
Cruz)  of  thirty-six  killed.  The  Americans  lost  two  killed  and 
several  wounded.  No  casualties  were  reported  from  Embudo. 
Febniary  3,  1847,  Price  reached  Taos  and  found  the  rebel  In- 
dians and  the  insurrectionists  entrenched  in  the  church  of  the 
pueblo,  where  he  fought  them,  compelling  them  to  surrender  after 
a  very  stubborn  resistance.  The  loss  of  the  rebels  was  150  between 
dead  and  wounded.  On  the  American  side  six  soldiers  and  one 
officer  were  killed  and  forty-six  wounded.  At  Mora  a  battle  was 
fought  January  30,  1847,  Hendly  and  two  soldiers  being  killed. 
That  was  the  last  attempt  made  against  the  American  govern- 


108  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

iiic'iit.  On  the  2(1  of  February,  1848,  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico  was  formally  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  Mexico,  by 
a  ti'eaty  of  peace  signed  in  the  city  of  (luadaiupe  Hidalgo, 
Mexico,  on  that  tlay.  Ti\e  treaty  iiad  the  effect  of  admitting  all 
New  IMexicans  into  the  American  Union,  thus  ])utling  a  stop  to 
future  seditious  movements. 

XLIII 

Military  Legislature — Civil  Government 

184.  First  Legislature. — On  the  Gtli  day  of  December,  1847, 
New  Mexico  being  still  under  the  military  government,  with 
J.  M.  Washington  as  connnandant  of  the  Department,  the  first 
legislature  met  in  Santa  Fe  by  permission  of  the  military  au- 
thorities, M'ith  the  following  members;  Antonio  Sandoval,  presi- 
dent ;  Henry  Henrie,  secretary ;  James  Hubbell,  porter ;  Jose 
Francisco  Baca  y  Terros,  Jose  Andres  Sandoval,  Juan  Tullis, 
Nicolas  Lucero,  Pascual  Martinez,  Juan  Otero  y  Chavez  (all  these 
gentlemen  being  the  members  of  the  Council)  ;  the  members  of 
the  House  were  William  C.  Angney,  president ;  James  M.  Gid- 
dings,  secretary;  E.  J.  Vaughn,  porter;  Manuel  Alvarez,  An- 
tonio Martinez,  Tomas  C.  de  Baca,  Jesus  Sandoval,  Miguel  San- 
chez, Antonio  Saenz,  Levi  J.  Keithly,  Jose  Ramon  Vigil,  Antonio 
Jose  Manzanares,  Mariano  Lucero,  Jose  Martinez,  George  Gold, 
Antonio  Jose  Ortiz,  Juan  Perea,  Rafael  Armijo  y  Maestas,  Wil- 
liam Skinner,  Juan  Cruz  Baca,  Juan  Cristibal  Chavez,  Rafael 
Luna,  and  Juan  Sanchez  y  Carillo. 

185.  First  Convention — Effort  to  Establish  Territorial  Gov- 
ernment.— On  the  death  of  Governor  Bent,  Colonel  Price  ap- 
pointed Donaciano  Vigil,  of  Santa  Fe,  civil  governor.  Vigil  and 
the  citizens  at  once  began  a  movement  for  the  establishment  of  a 
Territorial  government.  On  the  10th  of  October,  1848,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  proclamation  of  Governor  Vigil,  a  convention 
met  in  Santa  Fe,  with  Father  Antonio  Jose  Martinez  as  presi- 
dent, and  J.  M.  Giddings  as  secretary.  The  members  of  the 
convention  were,  the  said  Antonio  Jose  Martinez,  Ellas  P.  West, 
Antonio  Saenz,  Juan  Perea,  Donaciano  Vigil,  Santiago  Archu- 
leta, Francisco  Sarracino  (who  had  been  governor  under  the 
Mexican  government),  Gregorio  Vigil,  Jose  Pley,  James  Quinn, 
Ramon   Luna,    Carlos   Beaubien,    and  Manuel   A.   Otero.     The 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION 


109 


labors  of  the  convention  were  limited  to  the  H|)i)roval  of  the 
followinuf  ]\Ieniori;il : 

186.  Memorial  to  Congress  Adopted. — The  Memorial  adopted 
by  the  convention  and  signed  by  all  the  members  October  14, 
1848,  reads  thus: 

"Petition  to  Congress  made  by  New  Mexico,  through  its  in- 
habitants in  convention   assembled : 

"We  the  people  of  New  Mexico,  respectfully  ask  of  Congress 
that  we  be  given  a  civil  territorial  government  without  delay. 

"We  respectfully  ask  of  Congress  the  establishment  of  a  gov- 
ernment of  a  pur<>ly  civil  character. 


SPAXISHAMERICAN   KORMAL   SCHOOL,    P:L   RITO,    N.   M. 
Destroyed  by  fire  in  1912 

"We  respectfully  submit  that  the  organic  law  and  the  statute 
law  proclaimed  under  military  order  on  September  22,  1846,  with 
some  changes,  are  not  acceptable. 

"We  recommend  that  the  following  offices  be  occupied  by 
persons  appointed  by  the  president,  with  the  cooperation  and 
consent  of  the  Senate,  toMdt :  Governor,  secretary  of  govern- 
ment, judges,  United  States  attorney,  and  marshal. 

"We  wish  to  be  given  the  right  of  appeal  from  the  courts  of 
the  Territory  to  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States. 

"We  respectfully,  but  firmly,  protest  against  the  dismember- 
ment of  our  territory  in  favor  of  Texas  or  for  any  other  cause. 

"We  do  not  wish  domestic  slavery  within  our  confines,  and 


110  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

we  ask  tlie  protection  of  Congress  against  tlie  introduction  of 
slavery  into  the  Territory  until  we  are  formed  into  a  State. 

"We  ask  authority  to  ek>ct  our  local  legislature  in  accordance 
with  what  is  i)reserii»ed  hy  the  law  of  New  Mexico,  of  Septem- 
ber 22,  1846,  which  will  remain  subject  to  tlie  approval  of  Con- 
gress. 

' '  We  ask  to  be  represented  in  Congress  by  a  delegate  or  deputy. 

"As  new  Mexico  has  a  population  of  from  75,000  to  100,000 
inhabitants,  we  believe  that  what  we  ask  is  reasonable,  and  we 
entertain  the  hope  that  Congress  will  decree  to  us  laws  as  liberal 
as  those  decreed  for  other  Territories. ' ' 

The  signatures  of  all  the  persons  previously  named  appear  in 
this  document  with  date  at  Santa  Fe,  October  14,  1848.  Con- 
gress denied  the  petition  at  first,  but  afterwards  granted  what 
was  asked. 


CHAPTER  XVI 

XLIX 

Two  Governments  in  New  Mexico 

187.  Second  Convention — Delegate  to  Congress  Elected. — 
In  the  year  1849,  on  a  call  of  Colonel  Beal,  who  was  in  charge 
of  the  military  forces  while  Washington  was  away,  a  second 
convention  met  in  Santa  Fe  in  the  month  of  September.  This 
convention  was  antagonistic  to  the  party  of  civilians  which  was 
striving  to  organize  a  Territorial  government.  The  convention 
adopted  a  Memorial  to  Congress,  analagous  to  the  one  adopted 
by  the  first  convention,  and  elected  Hugh  C.  Smith  as  delegate 
in  Congress  from  New  Mexico.  The  action  of  this  convention 
was  repudiated  by  Congress  refusing  to  recognize  Smith  as  dele- 
gate. 

188.  State  Government — State  Officials  Elected. — In  JNIay, 
1850,  the  two  fighting  elements  agreed  to  form  a  State  govern- 
ment and  this  was  the  beginning  of  the  fight  for  statehood.  A 
constitutional  convention  met  in  Santa  Fe,  and,  after  adopting 
a  constitution,  authorized  Governor  Monroe  (the  military  com- 
mandant) to  issue  a  proclamation  for  the  election  of  a  governor, 
lieutenant-governor,  two  representatives,  and  four  members  of  the 
local  legislature.  The  election  was  held  in  June,  and  Henry 
Connelly  was  elected  governor,  Manuel  Alvarez,  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, and  William  Messervy  representative  in  Congress.  A 
state  legislature  was  also  elected. 

189.  Cunningham  and  Weightman  Elected  Senators — The 
Election  Nullified. — The  State  legislature  met  in  Santa  Fe  July 
1,  1850,  over  the  protest  of  Governor  Monroe,  who  refused  to 
recognize  the  State  government  before  Congress  had  approved 
the  constitution  and  the  election  of  State  officials.  The  alleged 
State  legislature  refused  to  recognize  Monroe's  authority,  and 
proceeded  to  elect  two  United  States  senators,  Francis  Cunning- 
ham and  Richard  Weightman.     This  effort  to  erect  a  State  gov- 


112  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

eminent   failed,   Congress  having   the   same  year   established  a 
territorial  form  of  government,  as  appears  in  the  following: 


New^  Mexico  a  Territory 

li)0.     New  Mexico  and  Utah  Admitted  as  Territories. — By  a 

law  of  Congress  a|)proved  Septendjer  !J,  1850,  Calif oi-nia  was  ad- 
mitted as  a  State  and  New  Mexico  and  Utah  as  Territories  of  the 
American  Union,  and  March  8d  of  the  year  following  (1851)  New 
Mexico  was  formally  organized  as  a  Territory  of  the  United 
States.  James  S.  Calhoun  and  Donaciano  Vigil  were  appointed 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States  as  governor  and  secretary 
of  the  Territory,  respectively.  The  other  officials  appointed  by 
the  president  were  E.  P.  West,  attorney  general;  G.  Shons, 
marshal ;  C.  Baker,  chief  justice :  J.  S.  Watts  and  H.  Mow^er,  as- 
sociate justices;  Charles  Blumner,  treasurer;  Eugene  Leitendorf- 
er,  auditor. 

191.  County  Officials  and  Legislature — The  Gazette. — Upon 
authority  of  a  proclamation  issued  by  Govei-nor  Calhoun,  a  dele- 
gate in  Congress,  county  officers,  and  a  legislature  were  soon 
elected,  and  the  first  lawful  legislature  of  New  Mexico  met  in 
Santa  Fe  June  1,  1851,  mth  the  Rev.  Antonio  Jose  Martinez, 
cure  of  Taos,  as  president  of  the  Council,  and  Theodore  Wheaton, 
of  Taos,  as  speaker  of  the  House.  William  Messervy  was  New 
Mexico's  first  member  of  Congress  elected  at  the  State  election, 
and  Richard  H.  Weightman,  the  first  delegate  under  the  Or- 
ganic Act.  That  same  year  (1851)  there  was  published  the  first 
English  and  Spanish  newspaper  (a  weekly),  the  Santa  Fe  Ga- 
zette, although  two  other  papers  had  already  been  published  in 
Santa  Fe,  namely  the  Repuhlicau  and  El  Nuevo  Mejicano. 

192.  Era  of  Peace  and  Prosperity. — The  Territorial  govern- 
ment being  now  officially  organized,  all  New  Mexicans  turned 
their  attention  to  the  development  of  the  Territory's  industries, 
without  giving  up  the  fight  for  statehood,  which  is  discussed  in 
a  separate  chapter  of  this  book. 


CHAPTER  XVII 

LI 

New  Territory  Acquired 

193.  The  Mesilla  Valley  Taken  by  Lane.- — For  some  time  af- 
ter the  war  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  the  Mexican 
State  of  Chihnahna  chiimed  and  exercised  jurisdiction  over  that 
part  of  New  Mexico  covered  by  the  connty  of  Dona  Ana,  the  val- 
ley of  Mesilla  and  Las  Cruces,  but  the  resulting  conflict  of  au- 
thority was  not  settled  officially  until  1853,  when  William  Carr 
Lane,  then  governor  of  New  Mexico,  heeding  the  petition  of  the 
people  who  lived  in  that  part  of  New  Mexico  for  protection 
against  the  depredations  of  the  Navajo  and  the  Apache  tribes, 
took  upon  himself  the  responsibility  of  provisionally  annexing 
the  territory  in  dispute,  in  order  to  save  the  lives  and  property 
of  the  people  therein  residing.  This  he  accomplished  by  a  formal 
ofificial  proclamation  dated  March  13,  1853. 

194.  The  Gadsden  Treaty. — The  territory  thus  taken  by  Gov- 
ernor Lane  was  the  subject  of  considerable  friction  between  the 
United  States  and  JMexico  until  the  American  government  pur- 
chased the  strip  of  land  in  dispute,  paying  j\Iexico  $10,000,000 
therefore.  This  was  done  under  a  treaty  known  as  the  Gadsden 
Treaty,  signed  on  the  30th  of  December,  1853. 

LII 

195.  Industrial  Progress — Boundaries — History  of  Agricul- 
ture.— From  the  little  History  of  Neiv  Mexico,  published  in  Spain 
by  Don  Pedro  Bautista  Pino  (reference  to  which  has  already 
been  made),  we  learn  the  true  condition  of  agriculture  in  New 
Mexico  up  to  that  time.  Pino  says :  ' '  Agriculture  is  entirely 
abandoned,  for  the  inhabitants  of  that  country  do  not  dedicate 
themselves  considerably  to  planting,  from  which  labor  doubtless, 
they  would  derive  many  benefits.  They  scarcely  plant  as  much 
as  they  believe  necessary  for  their  maintenance  during  a  portion 
of  the  year,  thus  exposing  themselves  for  the  remainder  of  it  to 


114  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

a  thousand  miseries;  lieiice  tlie  reason  that  the  price  of  grain 
values  suffers  many  changes.  In  the  article,  vegetable  produc- 
tions, an  idea  is  already  given  concerning  vegetables  and  vege- 
table gardens,  wherefor  it  is  useless  to  repeat  that  corn,  wheat, 
beans,  etc.,  are  raised :  a  veiy  good  grade  of  cotton  and  plenty 
of  tobacco  ai'c  also  grown." 

From  that  date  to  the  present  time  agi'icultui'e  has  been  de- 
veloping gradually,  especially  since  the  American  Occupation  so 
that  now  (1914)  no  less  than  forty-eight  per  cent  of  New  Mexican 
I)eople  are  engaged  in  cultivating  the  land ;  there  are  over  11,834 
farms  in  which  5,739,878  acres  are  cultivated.  The  value  of 
these  farms  has  ben  reckoned  at  !|>20,888,814.  All  kinds  of  vege- 
tables, susceptible  of  cultivation  in  cold  countries,  are  raised. 

196.  Stock  Raising. — In  the  year  1827  Governor  Narbona's 
Official  Report  (published  in  full  in  Read's  Illustrated  History 
of  New  Mexico)  shows  that  New  Mexico  had  then  5000  head  of 
cattle,  valued  at  $40,000 ;  240,000  head  of  sheep,  valued  at  $120,- 
000;  550  head  of  horses  valued  at  $5500;  2150  mules,  valued  at 
$63,750;  300  mares,  valued  at  $2400.  In  1912,  per  the  latest 
official  statistics,  there  are  over  1,050,000  head  of  cattle,  over 
5,875,000  head  of  sheep,  more  than  150,000  goats,  no  less  than 
100,000  head  of  horses,  the  sheep  yielding  annually  a  total  pro- 
duct of  nearly  25,000,000  pounds  of  wool,  from  which  over 
$8,000,000  is  realized. 

197.  Boundaries. — Tn  Pino 's  time  (1812)  the  original  boun- 
daries of  New  Mexico  were,  ' '  from  33°  to  40"  latitude ;  185  leagues 
from  north  to  south,  and  almost  the  same  from  east  to  west;" 
its  confines  on  the  north  were  ' '  by  land  absolutely  unknown ;  on 
the  east,  the  States  of  Coahuila  and  Texas  and  the  Territory  of 
Arkansas  belonging  to  the  United  States  of  America;  on  the 
south  by  the  State  of  Chihuahua,  and  on  the  west,  by  that  of 
Sonora. ' '  In  the  year  of  1863,  all  that  portion  of  territory  west 
of  longitude  109°  was  segregated  b.y  Congress  to  form  the  now 
State  of  Arizona,  and  in  1867  all  the  territory  north  of  latitude 
37°  was  annexed  to  Colorado,  leaving  the  present  boundaries  of 
New  Mexico  as  follows:  On  the  north  parallel  37°  ;  on  the  south, 
parallel  32°  ;  east,  meridian  103° ;  west,  meridian  109° ;  or,  geo- 
graphically speaking,  on  the  north  by  the  States  of  Colorado  and 
Utah ;  on  the  east  by  Texas  and  Oklahoma ;  on  the  south  by 
Texas  and  old  Mexico;  on  the  west  by  Arizona. 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  115 

LIII 

Wars 

198.  The  Civil  War.— During  the  Civil  War  (1861-66), 
the  sons  of  New  Mexico  proved  their  patriotism  to  the  Amer- 
ican government  even  more  than  did  the  other  States  and 
Territories  of  the  Union.  Scarcely  thirteen  years  had  come  and 
gone  from  the  date  in  which  fate  had  separated  them  from  the 
mother  eonntry,  the  IMcxican  Republic,  when  the  bloody  fratri- 
cidal war  between  the  northern  and  the  southern  States  broke 
out,  and  the  sons  of  New  jMexieo,  to  the  number  of  6,000,  un- 
hesitatingly threw  themselves  into  the  field  of  honor,  to  help  fight 
the  battles  for  the  preseiTation  of  the  American  Union,  to  which 
they  adhered  voluntarily,  sealing  with  their  blood  the  oath  they 
had  given  for  the  perpetuation  of  the  American  Union.  Many 
were  the  native  officers  of  New  Mexico  who  acquired  distinction 
in  that  war.  Among  them  were  Colonel  Don  Francisco  P.  Abreu, 
Jose  Francisco  Chavez,  Captain  Don  Rafael  Chacon,  Captain 
Nicolas  Quintana,  Captain  Saturnino  Baca,  and  Major  J.  D. 
Sena,  Sr.,  and  among  the  old  American  residents  of  New  Mexico, 
the  one  who  most  distinguished  himself  during  the  war  was  Col- 
onel Kit  Carson. 

199.  Indian  Wars — Capture  of  Geronimo. — In  order  to  sub- 
due the  tribes  of  the  Navajo  and  Apache  Indians,  the  American 
government  was  obliged  to  go  to  an  expense  of  more  than  $50,- 
000,000,  and  keep  up  an  army  for  continuous  warfare,  from  the 
year  1849  to  the  year  1886,  when  the  Navajoes  finally  surrender- 
ed in  New  Mexico,  as  did  the  Apaches  in  New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona ;  that  is  to  say,  the  final  submission  of  the  Navajoes  was 
effected  in  the  year  1868,  and  that  of  the  Apaches  in  1886,  when 
General  Nelson  A.  Miles  succeeded  in  capturing  the  dreaded  In- 
dian chief,  Geronimo,  who.  with  all  his  captains  and  other  In- 
dians was  in  that  year  taken  to  Fort  IMarion  in  the  State  of 
Florida.  From  that  time  the  incursions  of  the  Indians  ceased 
forever,  and  the  people  of  New  Mexico  were  enabled  to  enter 
iTpon  the  most  complete  development  of  its  industries. 

200.  Spanish-American  War. — On  April  21,  1898,  war  was 
declared  between  the  United  States  government  and  the  govern- 
ment of  Spain,  occasioned  by  the  destruction  of  the  battleship 
Maine  in  the  waters  of  Havana  Bay.  That  war  closed  April 
11th  of  the  year  following  (1899),  with  the  defeat  of  Spain  and 


116  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

the  loss  to  that  power  of  Cuba,  Puerto  Rico,  and  the  Pliilippine 
Ishiiuls.  In  that  war,  too,  the  sons  of  New  Mexico  again  demon- 
strated their  disinterested  pati-iotisni  to  the  American  flag — a 
patriotism  that  has,  perhaps,  no  parallel  in  the  annals  of  uni- 
versal history,  for  the  sons  of  New  Mexico,  the  Spanisii-Ameri- 
cans,  who  went  to  that  war,  were  all  descendants  from  the  first 
Spaniards  who  eoncjuered  New  Mexico,  and  it  was  but  natural 
to  expect  that  they  should  at  least  cherish  in  their  hearts,  the 
natural  sympathy  inherent  in  persons  of  tiie  same  race.  De- 
spite all  that,  they  did  not  hesitate  in  responding  with  a  good 
Avill  to  the  call  made  upon  them  to  take  up  arms  in  defense  of 
their  flag,  by  sending  to  the  field  of  battle  more  soldiers,  in  pro- 
portion to  their  population,  than  any  other  State  in  the  Union, 
and  having  sent  from  among  them  the  famous  mounted  company 
known  as  Roosevelt's  Rough  Riders  who  fought  with  distinction 
in  the  battle  at  Santiago  de  Cuba. 


CHAPTER  XVIII 

LIV 

Churches 

201.  First  Protestant  Church. — Up  to  the  date  of  the  change 
of  flags  (1846),  the  Catholic  church  was  the  only  church  existing 
in  New  Mexico,  and  to  that  church  is  due,  to  a  great  extent,  the 
civilization  and  christianization  of  the  Indians  in  New  Mexico. 
The  first  Protestant  church  in  New  Mexico  was  erected  in  Santa 
Fe  in  the  year  1849,  by  Rev.  Henry  W.  Reed,  of  the  Baptist  de- 
nomination, the  Catholic  church  Joeing  then  under  the  charge 
of  Rev.  Juan  Felipe  Ortiz,  vicar-general  of  New  Mexico  under 
the  Mexican  government. 

202.  The  Catholic  Church  Under  the  American  Flag. — The 
change  of  government  placed  the  Catholic  church  iu  New  Mex- 
ico under  the  Catholic  authorities  in  the  United  States.  On 
April  23,  1850,  Pope  Pius  JX  appointed  the  Rev.  Juan  B.  Lamy, 
then  a  priest  at  Cincinnati,  as  vicar  apostolic  with  the  title  of 
Bishop  of  Agathonica.  On  November  24th  of  that  year  Bishop 
Lamy  was  consecrated  in  Cincinnati.  Early  in  1851  he  started 
for  New  Mexico,  reaching  Santa  Fe  during  the  summer  of  that 
year.  Immediately  after  his  arrival  in  Santa  Fe  he  made  a  trip 
to  Durango,  Mexico,  to  present  his  credentials  to  Bishop  Zubiria, 
Avho  was  in  charge  of  New  Mexico  at  the  time  of  the  change  of 
government.  Bishop  Lamy  was  afterwards  made  archbishop. 
He  died  in  Santa  Fe  February  14,  1888,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Archbishop  J.  B.  Salpointe,  who  died  on  July  15,  1898,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Archbishop  P.  L.  Chapelle.  The  last  named  was 
transferred  to  New  Orleans  December  1,  1897,  M^iere  he  died  a 
victim  of  yellow  fever,  August  6,  1905.  Archbishop  Peter  Bour- 
gade  succeeded  Chapelle  and  died  at  Chicago  May  17,  1908,  the 
actual  incumbent,  Archbishop  John  B.  Pitaval,  succeeding  him. 
The  Catholic  church  has  forty-seven  parishes,  including  a  few 
private  chapels,  in  Ncav  Mexico. 


AMERICAN  (OCCUPATION  119 

20:1     Religious  Communities — Full  Statistics — Membership. 

^The  Catholic  eliurt'li  has  tlic  following  coimnuiiitics  in  New 
Mexico:  Jesuit  Fathers,  Albur(|uerque  and  Las  Vegas;  Fran- 
ciscan Friars,  Farniington,  Gallup,  Jemes,  Pena  Blanca,  aud 
Roswell ;  Brothers  of  Christian  Schools,  Santa  Fe,  Bernalillo,  and 
Las  Vegas;  Sisters  of  Lorretto,  Santa  Fe,  Bernalillo,  Las  Vegas, 
Mora,  Socorro,  and  Taos;  Sisters  of  Charity,  Las  Vegas,  Santa 
Fe,  and  Albur(juer(|ue;  Sisters  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  Santa 
Fe;  Sisters  of  St.  Francis,  Jeniez,  Peiia  Blanca,  and  Roswell; 
Sisters  of  the  Sorrowful  Mother,  RosM^ell.  The  personal  mem- 
bership, educational,  charitable,  and  orphanages  of  the  said 
church  in  New  Mexico  are  as  follows :  Bishop,  1 ;  priests  on 
duty,  secular,  48 ;  priests  on  duty,  regular,  20 ;  priests  on  leave, 
sick  or  retired,  7 ;  churches  wdth  resident  priest,  46 ;  missions, 
stations,  chapels,  840 ;  Brothers,  Christian,  23 ;  Brothers,  S.  J., 
8;  Brothers,  0.  F.  M.,  6:  total,  87;  religious  women,  124;  colleges 
and  academies  for  boys,  8  ;  academies  for  young  ladies,  6  ;  schools, 
14 ;  boarding  schools  for  Indians,  2  ;  inmates,  315  ;  orphan  asylum, 
1 :  orphans,  95;  total  of  young  people  under  Catholic  care,  3,570; 
hospitals,  3;  Catholic  population,  white,  about  115,000;  Catholic 
Indians,  12,000. 

204.  Other  Denominations.— The  Protestant  churches,  and 
other  denominations,  in  New  Mexico,  according  to  Prince, 
have  ninety-five  churches  or  congregations,  with  a  mem- 
bership of  15,449.  This  membership  includes  218  Adventists, 
2,403  Baptists,  6  Plymouth  Brethren,  10  Christadelphian,  270 
Congregationalists,  1,092  Christian  Disciples,  867  Episcopalians, 
30  Independents,  120  Jews,  738  Mormons,  100  Lutherans.  3,513 
Methodists  (North),  2,882  Methodists  (South),  165  Methodists 
(colored),  2,935  Presbyterians,  70  Reformed  Dutch,  and  30  Sal- 
vationists. The  Protestant  denominations,  like  the  Catholic 
church,  have  missions  and  mission  schools  in  divers  towns,  and 
two  large  educational  institutions  (mission  schools)  in  Santa  Fe. 

LV 
Indians — Mines  and  Minerals 

205.  Pueblo  India^ns.— The  Pueblo  Indians  of  today,  with 
two  or  three  exceptions,  are  practically  in  the  same  condition 
they  were  when  first  seen  by  the  Spaniards,  but  the  number  of 
pueblos  now  is  smaller  than  it  was  at  the  time  of  the  conquest. 


IJO  HISTORY  OP  NEW  MEXICO 

There  are  now  only  tlie  ioUowing:  Taos,  Jeiuez,  iSMnta  Clara, 
Picuris,  San  lldefonso,  San  Juan,  Pojoa(|ue,  Xainbe,  Tesuciiie, 
Cochiti,  Zia,  Santa  Ana,  Santo  Dominj^o,  San  Feliix',  Sandia,  Is- 
leta,  Znni,  and  Aconia.  Tlie  pueblos  of  Peeos,  Taiios  (Galisteo), 
and  others  no  longer  exist.  These  Indians  are  all  nominally 
Catholics,  but  they  tenaciously  adhere  to  the  superstitions  of 
their  ancestors.  The  population  of  these  pueblos  and  the  other 
Indians,  is  given  in  the  chapter  on  population.  Under  the  Mex- 
ican government  the  Pueblo  Indians  exercised  the  rights  of  citi- 
zenshij:),  but  under  our  government  they  have  not  done  so. 

206.  The  Savage  Tribes. — The  Indians  of  the  savage  tribes 
who  still  live  in  New  Mexico,  under  reservation,  and  under  the 
protection  of  the  government,  are  the  Apaches  and  the  Navajoes. 
These  tribes,  like  the  Pueblo  Indians,  are  engaged  in  stock 
raising  and  in  the  cultivation  of  their  lands,  performing  the  lat- 
ter task  with  reluctance  and  on  a  very  limited  scale. 

207.  Mining-  and  Mines. — Although  the  discovery  of  mines  in 
New  Mexico  is  older  than  the  conquest  (for  the  'first  mines  as 
hereinbefore  stated  were  discovered  by  Chamuscado  in  1581, 
and  the  next  discovery  was  made  by  Espejo  in  1582-83),  the 
mining  industry  remained  almost  paralyzed  during  the  entire 
Spanish  and  Mexican  eras,  because  of  the  perpetual  raids  and 
incursions  of  the  savage  Indians.  In  many  parts  of  New  Mexico 
are  found  rich  mines  which  were  closed  by  the  Spaniards  for  the 
reason  stated.  The  State  is  one  of  the  richest  in  minerals  in  the 
American  Union.  In  the  mountains  are  veins  of  gold,  silver, 
copper,  iron,  zinc,  lead,  etc. ;  in  the  counties  of  Grant,  Santa  Fe, 
Doha  Ana,  Rio  Arriba,  San  Miguel,  Otero,  Luna,  Valencia,  So- 
corro, Colfax,  Sandoval,  Union,  Taos,  and  Mora  rich  copper  mines 
are  being  worked.  The  output  of  these  mines  up  to  1897  was 
only  700,000  pounds,  but  from  1897  to  1912  they  produced 
75,000,000  pounds.  The  cash  value  of  this  production  has  been 
$1,000,000.  Silver  and  gold  mines  are  also  worked,  in  the  above 
named  counties,  and  in  nearly  every  other  county  in  the  State. 
Up  to  1812,  the  production  of  other  minerals  has  been  as  follows: 
Silver,  nearly  $12,000,000 ;  zinc,  about  $900,000 ;  iron  has  been 
mined  to  the  extent  of  100,000  tons  a  year,  and  lead  about  12,000 
tons  a  year.  Mica  is  also  found  and  mined,  in  several  parts  of 
the  State.     Coal  mines  are  plentiful  in  New  Mexico,  the  coun- 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  121 

ties  of  Santa  Fe,  Bernalillo,  Colfax,  and  MeKinley,  being  the 
richest  in  this  i)ro(lnction.  The  coal  within  the  State  has  been 
officially  reckoned  to  be  at  9,000,000,000  tons. 


CHAPTER  XIX 

LVI 

Education 

208.  Primitive  Teaching. — The  first  instruction  given  to  the 
original  inliabitants  of  New  Mexico  was  imparted  by  Cabeza  de 
Vaca  in  the  year  1535-.'56,  followed  by  Father  Marcos  de  Niza  in 
1539,  Beltran  in  1840,  and  by  Father  Juan  de  Santa  Maria,  Fr. 
Francisco  Lopez,  and  Fr.  Agustin  Rodriguez  (Ruiz)  in  1581, 
these  last  mentioned  Fathers  having  established  the  first  mission 
in  New  Mexico  in  that  year.  The  first  schools  were  established 
by  the  other  Franciscans  who  came  with  Ofiate  in  1598-99,  and 
these  schools  were  made  industrial  schools  afterwards,  so  that 
in  the  year  1626,  according  to  Fr.  Benavides,  there  were  schools 
in  New  Mexico  in  all  the  Spanish  settlements,  and  in  nearly  all 
of  the  Indian  pueblos.  Thus  it  is  that  education  in  New  Mexico 
antedates  the  conquest.  The  great  revolt  of  1680  destroyed  much 
of  the  good  accomplished,  and  it  was  not  until  the  time  of  the 
permanent  reconquest  by  De  Vargas  (1693-94),  that  education 
was  formally  implanted  in  New  Mexico  by  the  Catholic  church. 

209.  First  Public  Schools. — In  1721  the  first  public  schools 
were  established  in  every  settlement  and  pueblo  in  New  Mexico 
by  the  Franciscans,  by  authority  of  a  royal  decree.  The  teachers 
were  all  Franciscans,  and  their  salaries  were  paid  in  corn,  wheat, 
and  other  cereals,  raised  by  the  Spaniards  and  the  Indians  from 
lands  given  to  the  church  for  that  purpose. 

210.  Private  Schools — Salaries  of  Teachers. — In  the  earlier 
part  of  the  nineteenth  century  the  vicar  of  New  Mexico,  Rev. 
Juan  Rafael  Rascon,  established  a  private  high  school  in  Santa 
Fe,  under  the  direction  of  Don  Guadalupe  Miranda.  In  this 
school  the  elements  of  Latin  and  Spanish  grammar  and  the  rudi- 
ments of  philosophy  were  taught.  This  school  was  kept  in  oper- 
ation for  a  number  of  years  and  was  supported  by  private  con- 
tributions.    The  teachers  of  the  public  schools  began  at  that  time 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION 


123 


to  receive  regular  cash  salaries  in  Santa  Fe,  San  Miguel,  Santa 
Cruz,  Taos,  and  Helen,  the  remuneratiou  being  from  !|^250  to 
$500  a  year. 

211.  First  Public  School  Laws. — In  1822  there  were  pri- 
vate schools  in  several  towns  supported  by  private  contribu- 
tion. Api'il  27th  of  that  year,  the  Diputaeion  Provincial  passed 
the  first  public  school  law,  and  the  year  following  (182'3)  the  said 
Assembly  adopted  another  for  the  establishment  of  a  grammar 
school  at  El  Paso  (then  under  New  Mexico  jurisdiction),  with 
Don  Luis  de  Lujan  as  principal.  Another  law  for  the  fostering 
of  popular  education  was  adopted  in  April,  1825,  and  a  further 
law  was  passed  by  said  Assembly  December  27,  1826. 


SCHOOL  FOR  DEAF  AND  DUMB 
Santa   Fe,   N.  M. 

212.  Private  Colleges. — The  same  year  (1826)  Father  Agus- 
tin  Fernandez,  vicar  of  New  Mexico,  established  a  private  college 
in  Santa  Fe,  and  Father  Antonio  Jose  Martinez  established  his 
famous  private  college  at  Taos.  The  principal  men  who  after- 
wards figured  prominently  in  local  history  received  their  educa- 
tion in  these  institutions. 

LVII 

213.  Condition  of  Schools  at  Time  of  Annexation. — The 
schools  enumerated  above,  including  the  schools  conducted  by 
the  Franciscans,  were  all  the  schools  existing  in  New  Mexico  up  to 
the  time  of  the  American  invasion  (1846).  One  year  after  the  in- 


124  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

vasion  all  the  public  schools,  except  one  in  Santa  Fe,  had  been 
discontinued,  as  shown  by  the  official  message  of  Governor  Don- 
aciano  Vigil  to  the  legislature,  dated  December  6,  1847.  In  his 
message  Governor  Vigil  makes  urgent  api)eal  for  the  establish- 
ment of  public  schools  "to  give  all  an  equal  chance  of  being 
educated." 

214.  First  Schools  Under  the  American  Government. — The 
appeal  of  Governor  Vigil  had  no  effect,  and  New  Mexico  went 
without  schools,  except  an  insignificant  private  school  here  and 
there,  until  Bishop  Lamy  esta])lished  the  first  English  school  in 
Santa  Fe,  in  1851,  with  an  English  })rofessor  named  E.  Noel. 
The  next  year  (1852)  a  woman  named  Howe  estal)lished  in 
Santa  Fe  the  second  English  school.  These  were  at  that  time 
the  only  schools  in  New  Mexico  where  English  was  taught. 

215.  ^  The  Sisters  of  Loretto.— The  first  day  of  1858  witnessed 
the  opening  of  New  Mexico's  pioneer  educational  institution. 
The  Sisters  of  Loretto,  brought  by  Bishop  Lamy  to  Santa  Fe 
from  Kentucky  in  September  of  the  preceding  year,  1852,  opened 
that  great  institution  which  to  this  day  stands  as  one  of  the 
greatest  benefactors  of  New  Mexico.  This  school  was  established 
for  the  education  of  girls.  Its  first  mother  w^as  Sister  Magdalena 
Hayden.  This  institution  has  today  schools  in  many  of  the  im- 
portant towns  in  New  Mexico  and  there  is  hardly  a  home  in  New 
Mexico  whose  lady  of  the  house  does  not  take  pride  in  saying 
that  she  is  a  "Loretto  girl." 

216.  The  Christian  Brothers. — While  the  girls  of  New  Mexico 
had  been  provided  with  one  of  the  finest  schools  in  the  land, 
the  boys  had  not  been  forgotten  by  Bishop  Lamy.  In  1858  Bishop 
Lamy  sent  his  vicar.  Father  Peter  Eugillon,  to  France  to  bring 
the  Christian  Brothers.  The  Brothers  sailed  for  America  Au- 
gust 17,  1859,  and  arrived  in  Santa  Fe  October  27th,  and  on 
November  9,  1859,  the  college,  which  was  to  be  the  second  pio- 
neer educational  institution,  iind  whose  alumni  today  are  seen 
in  all  parts  of  the  great  Southwest,  occupying  prominent  posi- 
tions in  all  the  walks  of  life,  opened  its  doors  to  the  poor  and  to 
rich  children  of  New  Mexico,  with  Brother  Hilarion  as  superior 
or  president  of  the  college.  This  last  mentioned  institution  did 
not  confine  its  usefulness  to  Santa  Fe ;  like  the  Sisters  of  Loretto 
it  has  established  branches  in  other  parts  of  the  State. 

217.  Parochial  and  Mission  Schools. — These  are  conducted 
by  the  Catholic  church  in  Santa  Fe  and  in  all  the  important 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  125 

towns  of  the  State,  under  the  Sisters  of  Loretto,  the  Sisters  of 
Charity,  the  Sisters  of  the  ] Messed  Sacrament  (this  last  for  the 
Indians),  the  Jesuit  and  the  Franciscan  Fathers,  and  other  re- 
ligious orders.  The  other  denominations  also  have  many  and  very 
l)rosperous  mission  and  private  schools  in  Santa  Fe,  in  all  the 
principal  towns  of  the  State,  and  in  nearly  all  the  pueblos. 

LVIII 

218.  Public  Schools  Under  U.    S.  Government— The  First 

Law. — The  first  public  school  law  under  the  American  regime 
was  passed  by  the  Territorial  legislature  in  1863.  That  is  a 
unique  law  in  that  it  placed  the  management  of  the  schools  in 
the  hands  of  Bishop  Lamy,  the  governor,  and  the  secretary  of 
the  Territory.  From  that  date  nearly  every  legislature  made  a 
new  law  perfecting  more  and  more  the  school  requirements,  un- 
til the  system  of  popular  education  reached  its  present  state  of 
etificiency.  Educational  matters  are  now  in  the  hands  of  the 
State  board  of  education,  consisting  of  five  members,  besides 
the  governor  and  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  who 
are  made  members  by  virtue  of  their  office.  The  five  members 
are  named  by  the  governor. 

219.  Government  of  the  Public  Schools. — Tlie  i)rincipal  of- 
ficer in  the  active  management  of  the  public  schools  is  the  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction,  who  is  assisted  by  a  county 
school  superintendent  in  each  county,  and  by  a  board  of  school 
directors  in  each  district.  All  these  oiificers  are  elected  by  the 
people.  In  municipalities,  public  education  is  in  the  hands  of  a 
municipal  board  of  education  and  a  principal  or  superintendent 
of  city  schools. 

220.  Students  and  Funds. — The  official  census  of  1910  showed 
in  Xew  Mexico  93,815  persons  of  school  age  (5  to  21  years)  ; 
42,286  attend  the  public  schools,  the  rest  attend  private  and  de- 
nominational schools.  The  school  funds  in  the  public  treasury 
from  school  taxes  in  1911  amounted  to  $585,445.05.  This  money 
is  divided  or  apportioned  yearly  by  the  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  among  the  different  counties  in  the  State,  in  propor- 
tion to  the  school  population  of  each  county. 

221.  Additional  Funds.— I  besides  the  amounts  that  enter  into 
the  treasury  from  the  collection  of  taxes,  the  State  educational 
institutions  received,  according  to  the  last  annual  report  of  the 


126  HISTORY  OP  NEW  MEXICO 

couimissioner  of  public  lands  of  the  State,  the  following  sums 
as  proceeds  from  the  sales  and  leases  of  the  pu))lic  lands  of  the 
State:  The  general  public  school  fund,  $r),l)29.95 ;  the  univer- 
sity, $2,758.84;  the  agricultural  college,  ^^1,::{8;}.70;  the  two 
normal  colleges,  $1,619.03;  the  mineralogical  school.  $647.42; 
military  academy,  $752.58;  the  reform  school,  $808.32;  the 
college  for  the  blind,  $836.97 ;  the  college  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  $575. 

222.  ,  Private  and  Sectarian  Schools. — There  are  in  the  State 
attending  these  schools,  1127  i)upils  in  the  mission  schools,  2181 
pupils  in  the  non-sectarian  private  schools,  and  1626  in  the 
government  Indian  schools.  These  figures  are  taken  from  the  of- 
ficial report  of  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 

223.  State  Pedagogic  Institutions. — The  State's  educational 
institutions  are :  A  university  at  the  city  of  Albuquerque,  un- 
der the  charge  of  five  regents;  a  school  of  agriculture  and  me- 
chanic arts  at  Las  Cruces,  with  an  e(iual  number  of  regents;  a 
normal  school  at  Silver  City,  another  at  Las  Vegas,  each  with 
five  regents;  a  mineralogical  school  at  Socorro;  a  deaf  and 
dumb  college  at  Santa  Fe,  and  another  for  the  blind  at  Alamo- 
gordo ;  an  orphan  asylum  at  Belen ;  a  military  academy  at  Ros- 
well :  a  penal  and  reform  school  at  Springer  for  young  men ;  and 
the  Spanish-American  normal  school  at  El  Rito. 

LVIX 

Other  Public  Institutions — Population 

224.  Penal  and  Other  Institutions.-r-Besides  the  institutions 
already  noted  the  State  has  the  following:  A  penitentiary,  a 
hospital  for  sick  miners,  an  insane  asylum,  and  these  received 
funds  from  the  State  treasury  and  out  of  the  sales  and  lease  of 
the  State  lands,  in  the  year  mentioned  the  following  sums : 
The  hospital  for  sick  miners,  $1,101.42  ;  the  penitentiary,  $155.46 ; 
the  insane  asylum,  $638.87 ;  the  capital  building,  $1,250.34. 

225.  Population — Spanish  and  Mexican  Eras. — The  Spanish 
official  statistics  show  the  population  of  New  Mexico  during  the 
Spanish  regime  as  follows:  In  1697  there  were  1,500  Spaniards; 
no  official  figures  are  given  of  the  Indian  population,  but  from 
reports  of  the  Franciscan  Fathei*s  the  Indian  population  at  that 
time  was  over  25,000,  in  Pueblo  and  savage  Indians.  In  1750 
the  population   was  3,779   Spaniards  and   15,921   Indians.     In 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  1:27 

1789  there  were  16,059  Spaniards  and  8,806  Indians  (savages 
not  included).  Under  the  Mexican  government  the  census  was 
taken  twice,  once  in  1827,  under  Governor  Xarbona,  which  showed 
a  total  population  of  r);},8()6,  and  the  second  in  1840,  under  Gov- 
ernor Armijo,  which  shows  a  total  of  54,704. 

226.  Population  Under  United  States  Government. — Gover- 
nor Monroe  caused  a  census  to  be  taken  of  the  Spanish  popula- 
tion, by  counties,  in  1850,  which  shows  the  following:  Taos, 
11,683;  Rio  Arriba,  9,946;  Santa  Fe,  7,701;  San  Miguel,  7,568; 
Santa  Ana,  6,444;  Bernalillo,  6,663;  Valencia,  5,917;  Socorro, 
5,067;  total  60,984.  The  official  census  taken  in  1860  shows 
73,856  natives;  1,168  from  other  places  and  5,479  foreigners,  total 
80,503.  The  census  of  1870  shows  a  total  of  90,573.  The  census 
of  1880,  shows  a  total  of  119,493.  The  census  of  1890  shows  a 
total  of  140,413.  The  census  of  1910  shows  a  total  of  327,695, 
including  Indians,  which  are  given  as,  Pueblo  Indians,  9,000; 
Apaches,  1,500 ;  Xava joes,  7,500 ;  total  18,000. 


CHAPTER  XX 

LX 

Commerce 

227.  Under  Spanish  and  Mexican  Regimes. — Don  Pedro  Bau- 
tista  Pino,  in  his  valued  little  history,  shows  that  up  to  1804, 
the  "Passive  Commerce"  coming  through  Mexico  was:  Goods 
from  Europe,  valued  at  $61,000;  goods  from  Asia,  valued  at 
$7,000 ;  goods  from  America,  valued  at  $34,000 ;  horses  and  mules 
for  the  military  service  $10,000;  total  $112,000.  In  that  year 
(1804)  New  Mexico's  commercial  traffic  with  the  United  States 
began  by  the  coming  of  Lalande,  already  mentioned.  He  was 
followed  by  Pursley  (1805),  Knight,  and  Glenn  the  same  year, 
Becknell  in  1821,  and  the  Coopers  in  1822. 

228.  Commerce  Under  United  States  Government. — Up  to 
1822,  commerce  with  New  Mexico  was  carried  on  from  points  on 
the  Missouri  River,  by  means  of  mule  caravans,  the  amount  of 
merchandise  amounting  to  about  $50,000  per  year.  It  was  in 
1824  (according  to  Barreiro  in  Pino's  history)  when  "a  company 
of  80  intelligent  Missouri  merchants"  brought  into  Santa  Fe 
about  $30,000  in  merchandise,  "which  they  conveyed  partly  on 
mules,  partly  in  wagons,  and  partly  in  carts." 

229.  United  States  and  Mexico's  Troops  Protect  Traders. — 
The  wild  Indians  on  the  plains  were  often  troublesome,  interrupt- 
ing the  caravans  every  year  and  occasionally  killing  the  freight- 
ers, their  object  being  mainly  the  stealing  of  oxen  and  mules.  To 
remedy  this  evil  Governor  Bartolome  Baca,  in  1825,  sent  Don 
Manuel  Simon  Escudero  to  Washington  to  interest  the  govern- 
ment in  escorting  the  caravans  on  American  territory.  Escudero 
was  successful,  the  United  States  stationing  a  military  force  at 
Fort  Bent  from  1827  to  1833,  from  which  place  the  freighters 
were  escorted  by  American  soldiers  to  the  Missouri  points,  the 
Mexican  soldiers  escorting  them,  going  and  coming,  as  far  as  Fort 
Bent. 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION 


129 


LXI 

Commerce,  Wagons,  and  Railroads 

280.  Tabulated  Statement. — A  cU'tailed  statement  is  given 
here  to  acMjiiaint  tlie  student  with  the  gradual  growth  of  New 
Mexico's  eomnieree  from  1825  to  1846,  the  date  the  Territory 
became  part  of  the  American  Union : 

NO  WAGONS 
YEAR  VALUE  EMPLOYED 

1825  $  65,000  35 

1826  90,000  60 

1827  85,000  55 

1828  150,000  100 

1829  60,000  30 

1830  120,000  70 

1831  250,000  130 

1832  140,000  70 

1833  180,000  105 

1834  150,000  80 

1835  140,000  75 

1836  130,000  70  • 

1837  150,000  80 

1838  90,000  50 

1839  250,000  130 

1840  50,000  30 

1841  150,000  60 

1842  160,000  70 

1843  450,000                                  230 
Between  the  years   1843  and   1846  the   trade  amounted   to 

$1,752,250. 

231.  Commerce  before  Advent  of  Railroads. — Up  to  1846, 
duties  had  to  be  paid  for  merchandise  introduced  from  the 
United  States  into  Mexico,  and  that  Avas  the  reason  an  account 
was  kept  of  the  value  of  importations.  These  duties  ceased  with 
the  change  of  governments,  so  that  from  1846  to  1876,  when 
freighting  by  wagon  trains  ceased  because  of  the  coming  of  the 
railroads,  it  has  been  said  that  commercial  traffic  reached  the 
sum  of  .$3,000,000  per  year.  The  Territory's  advance  during 
that  lapse  of  thirty  years  is  unprecedented  in  every  industry, 
and  at  the  present  time  (1914)  it  is  over  $6,000,000  a  year. 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  131 

232.  The  Railroads— Trade  Enhanced.— Tn  1876  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  aiul  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company's  lino  reached  New 
Mexico,  and  its  coming  enhanced  the  valne  of  property  and  gave 
a  great  impnlse  to  the  principal  industries:  stock  raising,  min- 
ing, and  agriculture.  At  the  present  time  (1914)  there  are  the 
following  railroads,  telegraph,  and  telephone  lines  in  operation: 

Trunk  and  auxiliary  railroad  lines 13 

Mileage  of  these  13  lines 2,758 

Industrial  railroad  lines 9 

Mileage  of  industrial  lines 165 

Total  railroad  lines 22 

Total  mileage  in  operation 2,923 

Total  mileage  of  telegraph  and  telephone  lines 4,734 

The  actual  valne  of  said  lines  reached  up  to  $77,000,000. 
From  that  sum  a  tax  is  collected  at  the  rate  of  an  appraisement 
upon  20  per  cent  of  said  snm  of  $77,000,000.  Accorfling  to  the 
traveling  auditor  these  railroad  lines  represent  24.218  per  cent 
of  the  whole  property  of  the  State  subject  to  taxation. 

LXII 
Corporations — Banks — Real  Estate 

233.  Corporations. — From  an  official  communication  ad- 
dressed to  the  author  of  this  work  by  Nathan  Jaiifa,  then  secre- 
tary of  the  Territory  of  New  ]\Iexico,  dated  ]\Iay  19,  1910,  there 
were  at  that  time  1358  companies  or  corj^orations,  divided  as  fol- 
lows : 

Companies  for  certifying  real  estate  titles 25 

Banks  and  trust  companies 39 

Loan  and  building  associations 12 

Construction  and  building  associations 14 

Mercantile  companies  219 

Manufacturing  companies   125 

Irrigation  companies 70 

Mining  and  foundry   companies 380 

Stock  raising  and  farming,  agricultural  companies 103 

Railroad  companies  45 

Telegraph  and  telephone  companies 28 

Hotel  companies 6 

Light,  gas,  and  fuel  companies 41 


132  HISTORY  OP  NEW  MEXICO 

Savings   eompanies 149 

Pul)lishiug  companies 21 

Miscellaneous 71 

284.  Banks  and  Banking. — The  number  and  condition  of  the 
banks  shows  a  healtiiy  development  of  economic  conditions  in 
the  State.  May  11),  1910,  according  to  an  official  statement  made 
to  the  author  by  the  traveling  auditor  of  New  Mexico,  there  were 
then  41  national  and  39  territorial  banks  representing,  in  cash 
capital,  resources,  and  liabilities,  in  the  aggregate,  $25,266,487. 

235.  Real  Estate. — Official  reports  show  that  the  real  estate 
•subject  to  taxation  reached  in  1881,  the  value  of  $14,088,554;  in 
1882,  $20,441,395;  in  1883,  $27,137,003.  The  value  increased 
yearly,  and  in  1910  reached  the  sum  of  $62,800,000.  At  the 
present  time  (1914)  judging  the  rate  of  increase  by  the  preced- 
ing years,  the  value  can  be  safely  put  at  $100,000,000. 


CHAPTER  XXI 

LXIII 

Societies — Press — Santa  Fe  Trail 

236.  Historical  Society.— The  Historical  Society  of  New 
Mexico  was  organized  in  the  year  1859,  Colonel  J.  B.  Graysen 
being  its  founder  and  first  president.  It  became  disorganized 
during  the  Civil  War,  and  was  not  reorganized  until  the  year 
1880,  in  December,  when  it  celebrated  its  twenty-first  anniver- 
sary by  electing  L.  B.  Prince  as  its  president.  In  1884  the  Ter- 
ritoiy  assigned  to  it  the  rooms  which  were  formerly  used  for 
legislative  purposes  —  the  two  eastern  halls  of  the  "Old 
Palace."  It  owns  a  collection  of  gems  and  antique  relics  of 
priceless  historical  value,  from  prehistoric  times,  among  which  is 
found  a  public  collection  of  very  old  Spanish  manuscripts.  Its 
library  comprises  most  rare  works  of  great  merit. 

237.  Archaeological  Society. — This  society  was  founded  in 
Santa  Fe  as  a  branch  of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America, 
in  1907.  It  conducts  a  yearly  school  in  Santa  Fe  attended  by 
students  from  every  civilized  nation  in  the  world,  for  the  study 
of  ancient  civilization  of  America.  It  occupies,  in  conjunction 
wdth  the  Historical  Society,  the  ancient  Palace  of  the  Governors 
in  Santa  Fe,  and  the  legislature  appropriated  a  yearly  sum  of 
$5,000,  "to  enable  the  Society  to  care  for  the  improvements  of 
the  Palace  and  for  procuring  a  collection  of  books,  the  equipment 
for  the  museum,  and  the  preservation  of  archaeological  sites  in 
New  Mexico. ' ' 

238.  The  Press. — The  first  printing  press  that  is  known  for  a 
certainty,  was  brought  to  Taos  from  Mexico  by  Father  Antonio 
Jose  Martinez,  in  1835,  in  which  year  Father  Martinez  published 
in  Taos  the  first  newspaper  named  El  Crepusculo  (The  Dawn). 
Father  Martinez  printed  at  that  time,  and  as  late  as  1843,  the 
school  books  needed  for  his  school  and  for  his  ministry'.  In  1843 
he  printed  a  Memorial  to  the  Mexican  government.  From  that 
time  to  the  present  (1914)  the  number  of  newspapers  has  grown 


134  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

to  more  than  138,  in  weekly  and  daily  publications.  Many  of  the 
printing  establishments  are  large  and  well  e(iuipped  with  mod- 
ern machinery. 

239.  The  Santa  Fe  Trail. — The  dedication  of  a  marble  monu- 
ment (slab),  bearing  the  inscription  which  marks  the  end  of  the 
famous  Santa  Fe  Trail,  took  place  in  Santa  Fe  August  21,  1911. 
The  slab  is  placed  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the  park  (the 
plaza) ,  and  Avithin  the  park  enclosure.  Over  this  trail  passed  all 
freighters,  troops,  mails,  arid  passengers  from  the  time  of  La- 
lande  in  1804,  to  the  coming  of  the  railroads.  Over  it  marched 
nearly  all  the  pioneer  merchants  of  New  Mexico,  many  of  them 
traveling  in  the  celebrated  Sanderson  and  Barlow  stage  coaches 
from  Kansas  City  to  Santa  Fe,  making  the  trip  in  thirteen  days 
and  six  hours.  The  passengers  had  to  pay  $175  (in  gold)  fare, 
and  forty  pounds  of  baggage  and  a  pair  of  blankets  were  allowed 
to  each  passenger.  The  charges  for  carrying  money  were  $85  per 
$1,000  or  $1  per  pound  of  gold  or  silver  bullion,  most  of  the 
money  being  in  the  form  of  gold  dust. 

LXIV 

Grants,  Government 

240.  Spanish  and  Mexican  Grants. — To  encourage  the  settle- 
ment of  the  country,  extensive  tracts  of  land  were  granted  by  the 
governments  of  Spain  and  Mexico  to  the  colonists  and  their  im- 
mediate successors.  By  the  Treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  the 
United  States  government  bound  itself  to  protect  the  rights  of  the 
owners  of  these  grants.  Accordingly,  on  July  22,  1854,  Congress 
passed  the  law  which  established  the  office  of  surveyor-general  in 
New  Mexico,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  what  lands  were 
covered  by  such  grants.  Upon  a  general  survey  made  by  this 
official  it  was  found  that  the  total  area  of  New  Mexico  was 
77,568,640  acres  (this  included  Arizona  and  part  of  Colorado)  or 
121,291  square  miles.  Of  this  number  of  acres  only  2,293,142 
acres  was  found  to  be  public  land ;  the  balance,  75,275,498  acres, 
was  claimed  by  private  individuals  as  grantees,  or  purchasers 
from  the  grantees.  In  1891  Congress  created  a  special  tribunal 
to  settle  the  much-vexed  question  of  such  grants  in  New  ]\Iexico, 
Arizona,  and  Colorado.  This  tribunal  was  designated  as  the 
court  of  private  land  claims.  It  held  sessions  in  Santa  Fe,  Colo- 
rado, and  Arizona,  from  1891  to  1904,  its  labors  resulting  in  the 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  135 

approval  of  2,051,526  acres  and  the  rejection  or  disapproval  of 
33,439,493  acres.  In  this  number  are  not  included  those  grants 
which  had  been  approved  by  Congress  before  the  creation  of  this 
land  court. 

241.  Government  Under  the  Spanish  Regime. — The  whole 
province  was  divided  into  seven  alcaldeships,  the  alcaldes  (jus- 
tices) serving  without  salaiy,  one  military  and  political  governor, 
his  secretary,  two  lieutenants,  and  two  ensigns.  This  was  the 
government  of  the  king.  The  church  had  its  own  ecclesiastical 
government  which  was  recognized  as  such  by  the  king.  At 
Guadalajara  first,  and  at  Chihuahua  afterwards,  sat  the  appel- 
late tribunal  called  Audiencia,  the  only  tribunal  the  litigants 
and  accused  could  appeal  to  from  the  decisions  of  the  governor. 
Under  this  government  New  Mexico  had  in  Spain  a  delegate 
(Pino)  from  1810  to  1820. 

242.  Government  Under  Mexican  Rule.— From  1822  to  1846, 
New  Mexico  was  governed  under  the  laws  of  Mexico,  and  the  or- 
dinances passed  by  its  Diputacion  Provincial  (Provincial  Depu- 
tation) afterAvards  made  Asamblea  Departmental  (Departmental 
Assembly),  and  the  execution  of  these  laws  and  ordinances  was 
placed  in  the  hands  of  the  governor  or  political  chief,  and  the 
alcaldes.  The  governor  was  also  the  head  of  the  militia  and  of 
the  volunteers.  Under  the  Mexican  government,  New  Mexico  was 
given  representation  in  the  Mexican  Congress  and,  up  to  1846, 
it  sent  its  representative  to  Mexico,  also  to  Durango  and  Chihua- 
hua during  the  short  time  New  Mexico,  Chihuahua,  and  Durango 
were  one  political  entity. 

243.  Government  Under  the  United  States. — The  first  govern- 
ment in  New  ]\Iexico  under  the  American  union  was  a  pro- 
visional military  government  established  by  General  Kearny 
in  1846,  and  then  changed  into  a  civil  government  (pro- 
visional) with  Charles  Bent,  and  the  other  officials  appointed 
by  Kearny,  in  charge  of  civil  and  political  affairs.  After- 
wards, 1849-50,  the  military  assumed  the  functions  of  gov- 
ernment until  Congress  made  New  Mexico  a  Territory,  by 
the  Organic  Act  of  1850,  under  which  act  the  Territorial  govern- 
ment was  organized  in  1851.  Under  that  act  the  governor  and 
secretary,  also  the  judges  of  the  supreme  and  district  courts  were 
appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  By  this  act 
New  Mexico  elected  its  own  county  officers  and  its  legislators,  and 
the  governor,  by  and  with  the  consent  and  advice  of  the  Terri- 


136 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


toi'ial  Legislative  Council,  appointed  the  rest  of  the  Territorial 
officials. 

244.  Administration  of  Justice — County  Governments. — 
The  administration  of  justice  ^\'as  vested  by  the  Organic  Act  in  a 
supreme  court,  several  district  courts,  and  justices  of  the  peace 
courts.     Each  county  has  its  board  of  county  commissioners,  a 


(ini,ii,.-,,i   ,,j    J.   c..    L  uiidtiaiiu,  Santa   I'e,  X.   M. 
CAPITOL  OP  NEW  MEXICO,   SANTA  FE,   N.  M. 


sheriff,  and  a  constable  in  each  precinct,  a  county  treasurer  and 
tax  collector,  a  probate  judge,  assessor,  superintendent  of  schools, 
and  a  sui'veyor,  besides  a  board  of  school  directors  in  each  school 
district.  All  these  officers  were  (and  are  under  the  State  laws) 
elected  by  the  people. 
245.     Political  Division. — In  1914  New^  Mexico  was  divided 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  137 

into  twenty-six  counties,  namely :  Bernalillo,  organized  January 
6,  1852,  with  its  county  seat  formerly  at  Bernalillo  now  at  the 
city  of  Albuquerque;  Chavez,  organized  February,  1867,  county 
seat,  Roswell ;  Colfax,  organized  January  25,  1860,  county  seat, 
Raton ;  Curry,  organized  February  25,  1900,  county  seat,  Clovis 
Dona  Ana,  organized  February,  1857,  county  seat,  Las  Cruces 
Eddy,  organized  February  25,  1887,  county  seat,  Carlsbad 
Grant,  organized  January  30,  1868,  county  sccit.  Silver  City 
Guadalupe,  organized  February  23,  1905,  county  seat,  Santa 
Rosa;  Lincoln,  organized  February  13,  1880,  county  seat,  Lin- 
coln ;  Luna,  organized  March  16,  1901,  county  seat,  Deming ;  Mc- 
Kinley,  organized  Februaiy  23,  1899,  county  seat,  Gallup ;  Mora, 
organized  January  6,  1852,  county  seat.  Mora;  Otero,  organized 
January  30,  1899,  county  seat,  Alamogordo;  Quay,  organized 
Febniary  28,  1903,  county  seat,  Tucumcari ;  Rio  Arriba,  organ- 
ized January  6,  1852,  county  seat,  first  at  Plaza  del  Alcalde, 
actually  at  Tierra  Amarilla;  Roosevelt,  organized  February  28, 
1903,  county  seat,  Portales ;  Sandoval,  organized  March  10,  1903, 
county  seat,  Bernalillo ;  San  Juan,  organized  February  24,  1884, 
county  seat,  Aztec;  San  Miguel,  organized  January  6,  1852, 
county  seat.  Las  Vegas;  Santa  Fe,  organized  January  6,  1852, 
county  seat,  Santa  Fe;  Sierra,  organized  April  3,  1884,  county 
seat,  Hillsboro ;  Socorro,  organized  January  6,  1852,  county  seat, 
Socorro;  Taos,  organized  January  6,  1852,  county  seat,  Taos; 
Torrance,  organized  March  16,  1903,  county  seat,  Estancia ; 
Union,  organized  February  28,  1895,  county  seat,  Clayton;  Va- 
lencia, organized  January  6,  1852,  county  seat,  Los  Lunas.  Each 
of  these  counties  is  governed  by  a  board  of  commissioners  elected 
by  the  electors  (voters)  of  each  county.  These  counties  re- 
mained as  such  at  the  time  of  New  Mexico's  admission  to  the 
Union  (1912).  For  judicial  purposes  these  counties  are  divided 
into  eight  judicial  districts  with  a  district  judge  for  each  district, 
now  elected  bv  the  voters  of  the  State. 


CHAPTER  XXII 

LXV 

Statehood 

246.  History  of  the  Struggle. — The  promises  of  autonomy 
made  by  Kearny,  August,  1846,  and  by  the  United  States  govern- 
ment in  Article  9  of  the  Treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  Februaiy, 
1848,  formed  the  basis  for  statehood  claims.  The  struggle  com- 
menced when  the  first  legislature,  in  1846,  adopted  its  statehood 
memorial  to  Congress.  Then  came  the  statehood  convention  and 
election  of  State  officials  in  1850.  In  1870  the  legislature 
adopted  a  constitution,  but  the  matter  got  no  further.  Again, 
in  1875,  the  United  States  Senate  passed  an  enabling  act  which 
was  killed  in  the  House  by  reason  of  a  mistake  made  by  New 
Mexico's  delegate  in  Congress,  S.  B.  Elkins.  Another  enabling 
act  was  introduced  in  Congress  in  1888,  with  the  same  result. 
In  1889  a  constitution  was  adopted  in  Santa  Fe,  by  a  constitu- 
tional convention  which  was  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  vo- 
ters of  New  Mexico,  but  rejected  by  Conress.  Another  constitu- 
tion was  adopted  in  1890,  but  disapproved  by  the  voters.  In  1901 
a  convention  met  at  Albuquerque,  and  adopted  a  constitution 
which  was  submitted  to  Congress,  without  results.  In  1906  Con- 
gress passed  a  joint  statehood  act  admitting  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  as  one  state ;  an  election  was  held  in  both  Territories, 
New  Mexico  voting  for  joint  statehood,  but  Arizona  voting  against 
the  proposition.  As  a  result,  statehood  was  lost  again.  These 
constitute  the  main  efforts  of  the  people  to  obtain  statehood  from 
1847  up  to  1911. 

247.  The  Act  that  Operated. — Through  the  valuable  assist- 
ance of  President  William  H.  Taft,  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States,  June  20,  1910,  passed  the  enabling  act  which  finally  ad- 
mitted New  Mexico  as  a  State  of  the  American  Union.  Upon  the 
passage  of  that  act  the  governor  of  New  Mexico,  on  June  29, 
1910,  by  proclamation  ordered  an  election  of  100  delegates  to 
frame  a  constitution.     The  election  was  held  on  September  6th, 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  139 

the  same  year,  and  the  delegates  met  in  convention  at  Santa  Fe 
October  3,  1910,  with  Charles  A.  Spiess  as  president,  G.  W. 
Armijo  as  secretary,  and  Father  Julius  Hartman  as  chaplain, 
and  adopted  a  constitution  which  was  approved  January  21, 
1911,  by  a  majority  of  the  voters.  The  total  vote  cast  was 
45,141 ;  31,742  votes  were  cast  in  favor  and  13,399  against  the 
constitution. 

248.  The  Fight  in  Congress.— February  6,  1911,  Governor 
Mills  left  Santa  Fe  for  AVashington,  and  on  the  9th  of  that 
month  delivered  to  President  Taft  the  constitution  and  the  of- 
ficial certificate  of  the  result  of  the  election.  On  the  24th  of  the 
same  month  President  Taft  approved  the  constitution  and  on 
the  same  day  sent  it  with  a  favorable  message  to  the  Congress. 
In  Congress  a  bitter  fight  was  made.  The  house  on  March  3d, 
by  resolution  adopted  the  constitution,  but  the  Senate  the  next 
day,  March  4th,  adjourned  after  having  adopted  an  amendment 
to  include  Arizona  with  New  Mexico.  The  Senate  having  ad- 
journed, the  amended  resolution  did  not  reach  the  House  until 
April,  1911,  and  the  matter  was  taken  up  day  by  day  from  April 
to  July,  when  the  House  adopted  another  resolution  providing 
for  a  more  easy  way  of  amending  the  constitution.  This  resolu- 
tion was  at  once  sent  to  the  Senate  and  that  body,  after  another 
fight,  on  other  resolutions,  finally,  on  August  10th,  adopted  the 
House  resolution  (known  as  the  Flood  resolution).  President 
Taft  refused  to  approve  the  resolution,  and  the  matter  was  again 
taken  up  by  Congress.  The  resolution  was  at  last  approved  by 
the  Senate,  with  Arizona  eliminated,  on  August  17th,  and  by 
the  House  the  next  day,  August  19,  1911,  and  at  3  p.  m.,  on  the 
21st  day  of  that  month,  it  was  signed  by  the  President,  who,  on 
the  29th  of  August,  1911,  gave  official  notification  to  New  Mexico's 
governor  of  what  had  been  done. 

249.  Election  of  State  Officers— The  Blue  Ballot.— Upon  re- 
ceipt of  President  Taft's  official  notification.  Governor  Mills  is- 
sued a  proclamation  (on  August  30th)  for  an  election  of  State 
officers,  fixing  the  7th  of  November,  1911,  for  the  election.  Both 
political  parties  took  steps  to  hold  their  nominating  conventions. 
The  Republicans  held  their  convention  in  Las  Vegas  in  Septem- 
ber, and  the  Democrats  in  Santa  Fe  in  October,  1911.  The  elec- 
tion was  held,  as  per  the  proclamation,  and  the  total  vote  cast  for 
State  officers  was  as  follows:  For  governor,  W.  C.  McDonald, 
Democrat,    31,036;    H.    0.    Bursum,    Republican,  28,019;    Mc- 


140  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

Donald's  plurality,  3,017.  For  congressmen,  George  Curry,  Re- 
publican, 80,162;  H.  B.  Fergusson,  Democrat,  29,999;  Elfego 
Baca,  Republican,  28,836;  Paz  Valverde,  Democrat,  28,353;  Cur- 
ry's plurality,  1,809;  Fergusson 's  plurality,  1,163.  For  lieu- 
tenant-governor, Malaquias  Martinez,  Republican,  28,906 ;  E.  C. 
de  Baca,  Democrat,  29,642;  De  Baca's  plurality,  1,736.  For 
secretary  of  state,  Secundino  Romero,  Rei)ublican,  28,392 ;  An- 
tonio Lucero,  Democrat,  29,692;  Lucero's  plurality,  760.  For 
state  auditor,  William  G.  Sargent,  Republican,  29,574;  Fran- 
cisco Delgado,  Democrat,  29,133;  Sargent's  i)lurality,  441.  For 
state  treasurer,  Silvestre  Mirabal,  Republican,  28,977  ;  0.  N.  Mar- 
ron.  Democrat,  29,867;  Marron's  plurality,  890.  For  attorney 
general,  Frank  W.  Clancy,  Republican,  30,162;  W.  R.  McGill, 
Democrat,  28,721;  Clancy's  plurality,  1,441.  For  superinten- 
dent of  public  instruction,  A.  B.  Stroup,  Republican,  29,411 ;  A. 
N.  White,  Democrat,  29,522;  White's  plurality.  111.  For  com- 
missioner of  public  lands,  R.  P.  Ervien,  Republican,  29,706 ;  J.  L. 
Emmerson,  Democrat,  29,242;  Ervien 's  plurality,  464.  For 
justices  of  the  supreme  court,  Frank  W.  Parker,  Republican, 
29,583;  C.  J.  Roberts,  Republican,  29,681;  E.  R.  Wright,  Repub- 
lican, 29.541 ;  R.  H.  Hanna,  Progressive  Republican,  29,674 ; 
Summerrs  Burkhart,  Democrat,  29,453 ;  W.  A.  Dunn,  Democrat, 
29,423;  Parker's  plurality,  130;  Roberts's,  258;  Hanna 's,  133. 
For  corporation  commissioners,  G.  W.  Armijo,  Republican,  29,- 
808 ;  H.  H.  Williams,  Republieau,  29,835 ;  M.  S.  Groves,  Repub- 
lican, 29,783 ;  G.  H.  Van  Stone,  Progressive  Republican,  29,451 ; 
Owen,  Democrat,  28,509 ;  Seferino  Martinez,  Democrat,  28,577 ; 
Through  a  mistake  in  printing,  1,033  votes  were  cast  for  "Sol 
Owen"  and  could  not  be  counted  for  0.  L.  Owen.  WilUams's 
plurality,  1,326;  Groves,  1,206;  Van  Stone's,  343.  Mr.  Van 
Stone  was  afterwards  ousted  on  contest  proceedings  and  Owen 
declared  elected.  The  blue  ballot  providing  for  an  easier  way  of 
amending  the  constitution  received  a  total  of  57,728  votes,  of 
which  34,897  votes  w^ere  given  for  it  and  22,728  against  it. 

LXVI 

Admission — State  Government — Roca  Del  Moro 

250.  Statehood  Accomplished. — The  result  of  the  State  elec- 
tion was  certified  by  the  governor  at  once,  and  on  January  4, 1912, 
was  delivered  to  President  Taft.     Two  days  after  (January  6, 


AMERICAN  OCCUPATION  141 

1912)  the  President  signed  his  proelaniation  admitting  New 
Mexico  as  the  forty-seventh  State  of  the  American  Union,  and 
on  the  8th  day  of  that  month  our  two  eongi-essmen  were  seated 
in  the  national  House  of  Rejiresentatives,  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

251.  State  Government  Organized. — On  the  15th  day  of 
January,  1!)12,  the  State  govennuent  was  oi^cially  inaugurated 
at  the  capitol  in  Santa  Fe,  all  the  newly  elected  officials  assum- 
ing the  duties  of  their  respective  offices,  and  the  Territorial  of- 
ficials stejiping  out.  Thus  ended  the  life  of  New  Mexico  as  a 
ward  of  the  nation,  and  its  new  life  as  a  mend)er  of  the  great 
American  Union  was  connnenced. 

252.  First  State  Legislature — U.  S.  Senators. — The  first 
legislature  of  the  State  of  New  Mexico  (see  list  of  membership 
in  Appendix)  met  in  Santa  Fe,  March  11,  1912,  with  Ezequiel 
Baca,  the  lieutenant-governor,  as  president  of  the  State  Senate, 
and  Roman  Liberato  Baca,  as  speaker  of  the  House,  the  Senate 
consisting  of  twenty-four  members  (the  president  not  included) 
and  the  House  of  forty-nine  members  (the  speaker  included), 
and  on  March  27th,  Thomas  Benton  Catron  and  Albert  B.  Fall 
were  elected,  in  joint  session.  United  States  senators  from  New 
Mexico.  The  two  senators  were  seated  in  the  Senate  of  the 
United  States  on  the  2d  day  of  April,  1912. 

253.  La  Roca  Del  More. — There  is  in  the  western  part  of 
New  Mexico,  and  near  the  dividing  line  between  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona,  a  monstrous  rock,  which,  like  a  tower  or  light  house, 
shoots  up  from  the  bottom  of  a  valley  rising  to  the  height  of 
225  feet  and  commanding  a  view  of  all  the  countiy  for  many 
miles  around.  That  rock  forms,  undoubtedly,  one  of  the  most 
important  pages  in  the  history  of  New  Mexico,  as  it  was,  for  the 
conquerors,  or  at  least  the  greater  part  of  them,  what  the  light- 
house is  for  sailors.  Many  miles  before  reaching  the  valleys  of 
Zuiii,  the  conquerors  beheld  the  rock,  to  which  they  gave  the 
name  of  La  Roca  del  Moro  (the  Rock  of  the  Moor),  and  so  it 
was  that  it  came  to  be  the  guiding  object  of  the  Spaniards  in 
their  entries  into  New  Mexico.  In  this  rock  there  is  a  very  large 
cave  in  which  the  Spanish  conquerors  were  wont  to  lodge,  each 
of  them  leaving  graven  in  the  rock  their  names  and  dates  of  their 
passing  the  rock.  Among  the  names  thus  engraven  are  the 
names  of  Onate  (1605),  De  Vargas  (1692),  and  Juan  Paiz  Hur- 
tado  (1736).  Archbishop  J.  B.  Lamy  visited  the  Moro  Novem- 
ber 10,  1863,  and  inscribed  his  name  on  the  rock. 


'  A»»  '.C.'»  JW«»  O^ 


A* 


'^i,^--:'' 


V  -^J"  K  ;^ 


,  \ 


7   *      i 


^V 


,: 

^:j 

1  ^,'.^^   1- 

.:.        ...4 

MAP  OF  NEW  MF:XIC0,  1779 


TRANSLATION 

"Map  of  tlie  internal  Province  of  New  Mexico  made  by  Don  Bernardo  de  Miera  y 
Pacheco,  distinguislied  soldier  of  the  Real  Presidio  de  Santa  Fee,  by  order  of  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  of  the  Cavalry,  Governor  and  Captain  General  of  said  Province,  Don 
Juan  Bautista  de  Anza,  showing  its  settlements  and  their  condition  at  the  present 
time,  being  badly  formed  and  far  apart;  the  numlxT  of  houses  inhabited  by  colonists; 
the  bad  location  thereof,  each  individual  having  built  his  house  upon  the  tract  of  land 
to  him  granted,  that  being  the  reason  why  great  damages,  lamentable  disasters  and 
desolation  of  whole  settlements  have  been  caused  by  the  enemy,  the  Comanches  and 
the  Apaches,  who  roam  around  the  Province  killing  many  colonists  and  carrying  away 
the  families  as  captives,  which  facts  makes  imperative  the  prompt  compliance  of  the 
wise,  timely  and  charitable  mandate  which  the  zeal  in  pro  of  the  Royal  Service 
prompted  said  Governor  to  issue,  after  visiting  settlements,  and  after  familiarizing 
himself  with  their  sad  condition,  the  obedience  of  which  is  the  only  remedy  to  insure 
their  stability,  civility  and  a  Christian  policy,  which  commands  the  colonists  to  build 
their  settlements  compactly  and  in  rediiubtsquare  form ;  each  settlement  to  consist 
of  at  least  twenty  families,  the  smallest  to  have  two  bastions  and  the  largest  four  in 
the  centre  and  well  arranged  to  facilitate  the  proper  use  of  fire  arms;  it  not  being 
advisable  to  construct  ancient  turrets  ('"torreon;  s"),  for  under  them  the  enemy  finds 
a  hiding  place,  bores  holes  through  their  walls  and  then  sets  them  a  fire,  as  experience 
has  demonstrated.  At  a  short  league  from  the  pueblo  of  Taos,  along  the  edge  of  the 
river  called  'De  Don  Fernando'  there  was  a  settlement  of  twelve  families,  their 
houses  were  scattered,  as  it  was  their  habit  to  have  them;  these  families  upon  learning 
that  the  Comanche  Indians  were  coming  to  insult  them  gathered  in  a  large  house, 
which  was  turreted,  of  Paijlo  '\'ilhilpando,  among  thtm  being  fourteen  men  well  armed 
with  fire  arms  and  a  large  quantity  of  ammunition;  the  enemy  made  an  intrepid  and 
vigorous  attack  upon  said  house  safely  sheltering  themselves  under  the  breast  works 
of  the  turrets,  then  they  battered  breaches  in  dififerent  parts  of  the  turrets  and  built 
fires  therein.  The  besieged  in  order  to  prevent  such  manaeuvre  on  the  part  of  the 
enemy  bent  their  bodies  over  the  parapet,  to  better  discharge  their  guns,  thus  giving 
the  Indians  the  opportuuity  to  inflict  on  them  arrow  and  bullet  wounds  from  which 
all  perished,  the  Indians  then  capturing  seventy-four  persons,  grown  and  small,  of 
both  sexes.  The  Indians  lost  over  eighty  killed.  I  have  narrated  this  event  to  make 
plain  the  tenacity  with  which  these  enemies  fight.  The  pueblos  of  Christian  Indians 
remain  to  this  day  living  under  the  same  policy,  union  and  civility  they  were  living 
under  when  the  Spaniards  first  found  them  in  their  original  pueblos:  with  their 
houses  built  together,  two  and  three  stories  high,  their  settlements  forming  a  square 
(plaza)  ;  their  houses  having  portable  ladders  which  are  lifted  upon  the  approach  of 
the  enemy;  their  roofs  and  terraces,  high  and  low,  being  well  protected  with  loop- 
holes in  the  parapets,    to  in.iure  the  enemy  and  for  their  own   defence. 

"Done  in  the  "\'illa  de  Sta.   Fee,  Capital  of  said  Province,  In  the  year  1779." 


EXPLANATORY  GUIDE 


"Villa" 

"Spanish  scattered    settlements" CH    C7G3 

"Ditto,   destroyed  by  the  enemy" ^£^   CD    r  I'B 

"Pueblos   of   Christian   Indians'  _ 

"Ruins   of  Ancient    i)ueblos" . 
"Water     springs" 

"Lands  occupied  by  tlie  Gentiles" J^        '  t     ^  J  _ 


Review  Questions 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS 


1.  Where  was  the  craiUe  of  the  Ininian  race?  How  is  Asia  separated 
from  America?  What  part  of  the  world  was  first  settled  by  man?  Have 
we  any  proofs  of  the  eoming  of  the  first  man  to  the  American  continent? 
L'.  What  did  Columbus  and  the  other  discoverers  and  conquerors  find  in 
America?  What  did  they  find  in  Mexico  and  South  America?  By  whom 
and  when  was  Mexico  conquered?  By  whom  and  when  was  Peru  conquered? 
Pi.  How  far  advanced  did  Cortes  and  Pizarro  find  the  Indians  of  Mexico 
and  Peru? 

II 

4.  When  and  by  whom  was  America  discovered?  Name  the  first  island 
discovered  by  Columbus.  Name  the  other  islands  subsequently  discovered 
by  Columbus.  Where  did  Columbus  first  discover  the  American  Indian? 
5.  By  whom  and  why  was  the  name  ' '  Indian ' '  given  to  the  first  inhabitants 
of  America?  Describe  the  condition  of  the  aborigines  (Indians)  so  found 
by  Columbus.  6.  Name  the  next  European  who  visited  America.  What 
part  of  the  continent  did  Ojeda  visit?  Did  he  find  Indians?  Describe  the 
condition  of  the  Indians  so  found  by  Ojeda. 

Ill 

7.  What  did  C(3rdova  and  Grijalva  accomplish?  What  was  the  condition 
of  the  Mexican  Indians?  How  far  into  Mexico  did  Grijalva  reach?  8. 
Describe  the  worship  and  degree  of  knowledge  of  and  manner  of  sacrifice  of 
these  Indians.  9.  Name  the  date  Cortes  entered  the  City  of  Mexico.  What 
was  the  Indian  name  of  the  city?  Name  the  emperor  of  Mexico.  State 
the  degre*  of  knowleilge  in  the  science  of  government,  industries  and  re- 
ligion of  Montezuma  and  his  subjects. 

IV 

10.  When  did  Pizarro  conquer  Peru?  Name  the  rulers  he  found  govern- 
ing the  country.  Describe  the  condition  and  advancement  in  which  the 
Spaniards  found  the  Peruvians.  11.  Give  the  traditions  of  the  Peruvians 
as  to  their  origin,  the  founding  of  their  empire,  and  their  manner  of  wor- 
ship. 12.  Who  taught  them  the  sciences  of  agriculture,  arts,  architecture, 
and  astronomy?  To  whom  are  we  indebted  for  what  we  know  of  these  first 
inhabitants  of  this  portion  of  our  continent? 

V 

13.  In  what  condition  were  the  North  American  Indians  found?  How 
and  by  what  name  are  tliey  known  in  history?     Describe  their  mode  of  liv- 


148  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

ing.  .  14.  Doscribo  their  <loiiiostic  li;il>its.  Describe  tlieir  iiiMiiiicr  of  travel- 
ing. 15.  What  was  their  religion?  What  was  their  paradise?  16.  What 
is  known  of  their  origin?  What  evidences  have  been  found,  and  where,  of 
prehistoric  occupation?  When  was  Jamestown  settled  and  by  wiioin?  Who 
was  Ponce  de  Leon?  Wlio  was  the  founder  of  Quebec ?  Who  was  Captain 
Newport?     What  did  tlie  Jesuit,  Father  Marquette,  accomplish? 

VI 

17.  Who  was  the  first  white  man  to  cross  tlie  continent?  Name  the  year 
and  places  where  the  journey  was  commenced  and  where  it  ended.  18.  Give 
an  account  of  De  Vaca  's  story  of  the  lives  of  the  New  Mexican  Indians. 
19.  Wlio  followed  De  Vaca  into  New  Mexico?  20.  Who  was  J.  B.  Sal- 
points?  What  had  he  to  say  regarding  the  origin  and  coming  of  the  first 
inhabitants  to  our  continent?  What  do  historians  and  ethnologists  (ex- 
plain the  word  ethnologists  to  the  student)  say  on  that  point? 

VII 

22.  Who  was  Panfilo  de  Nanaez?  How  were  he  and  De  Vaca  connect- 
ed? What  was  the  real  name  of  De  Vaca?  W^hat  was  the  origin  of  the 
name  Cabeza  de  Vaca?  23.  Repeat  the  story  of  De  Vaca 's  coming  to 
Florida.  State  what  you  know  of  the  landing  in  Florida  of  the  expedition 
and  its  end.  24.  What  important  village  did  the  Spaniards  capture? 
Wlien  and  under  what  circumstances  did  they  leave  Ante?  State  the  suf- 
fering the  Spaniards  had  to  undergo.  What  means  did  they  use  to  reach 
the  Gulf?  How  many  of  them  survived,  and  how  were  they  saved?  Name 
some  of   those  saved. 

VIII 

25.  How  long  did  De  Vaca  and  his  companions  remain  in  captivity? 
"^Tien  did  they  escape?  26.  What  route  did  they  follow?  Did  they  visit 
New  Mexico?  Wliat  kind  of  treatment  did  the  Indians  give  De  Vaca  and 
his  companions?  Why  did  they  treat  them  kindly?  What  means  did  the 
Spaniards  use  to  cure  the  sick?  W^hat  did  De  Vaca  teach  the  Indians? 
27.  What  became  of  De  Vaca's  two  dogs?  Why  did  the  Spaniards  eat  the 
meat  of  the  dogs?  28.  W^ho  did  De  Vaca  and  his  party  meet  near  San 
MHguel?  Why  did  Alcaraz  arrest  De  Vaca  and  his  companions?  State 
what  was  done  to  De  Vaca  and  his  companions.  29.  By  wdiom  were  they 
released?  When  did  De  Vaca  reach  Mexico?  What  did  he  do  there? 
Wlien  did  he  reach  Spain  ?  Where  was  he  sent  by  the  king  after  he  had 
reached  Spain?     How  did  De  Vaca  end  his  life? 

IX 

30.  Who  was  the  discoverer  of  the  Gila  River?  31.  In  what  year  and 
by  whom  was  the  first  expedition  into  A'^ew  Mexico  made?  32.  Wlio  was 
Fr.  Marcos  de  Niza?  When  did  he  come  to  America?  What  part  of  Amer- 
ica did  he  visit,  and  for  what  purpose,  before  coming  to  New  Mexico?  33. 
By  whom  was  he  sent  to  New  Mexico?  In  what  year?  With  what  object 
did  Mendoza  send  Niza  to  the  land  of  Cibola?  ^\1io  was  Niza 's  guide? 
Who  was  Estevanico? 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  149 


3-1.  What  were  the  instructiims  jjiven  Niza  by  Mendoza'?  35.  Who  ac- 
companied Niza?  From  what  i>laee  and  on  what  date  did  Niza  start?  Name 
the  first  Indian  settlement  reached  by  Niza.  WHiat  became  of  Father 
Ornato?  36.  \Muit  did  Niza  learn  regarding  Cortes?  From  whom  did  he 
receive  the  information?  What  name  did  these  Indians  give  Niza  and  what 
did  it  mean?  What  other  information  did  these  Indians  give  Niza?  37. 
Name  the  next  village  found  by  Niza?  What  did  he  find  there?  What  did 
Niza  do  with  Estevanico? 

XI 

38.  Did  Estevanico  reach  Zufii?  How  was  he  treated  by  the  Indians? 
Wliat  kind  of  report  did  he  make  to  Niza?  39.  What  other  information 
did  Niza  receive,  and  from  whom?  What  did  Niza  do  at  the  villages  hfl 
went  through?  40.  Did  Niza  visit  the  coast?  How  far  did  he  go  along 
the  coast?  What  coast  did  he  visit?  41.  When  did  Niza  hear  of  Este- 
vanico's  death?  W^hat  advice  did  Niza  receive  from  the  emissaries?  42. 
Did  Niza  reach  the  Seven  Cities?  How  near  to  the  main  pueblo  did  he  go? 
What  was  the  name  of  that  pueblo?  What  did  Niza  do  at  the  mound? 
How  and  in  what  manner  did  Niza  take  possession  of  New  Mexico?  What 
name  did  he  give  to  the  country?  What  did  he  do  then?  What  kind  of 
report  did  he  give  to  the  viceroy?     When  did  he  reach  the  City  of  Mexico? 

XII 

43.  Why  did  Mendoza  select  Coronado?  Name  some  of  Coronado's  of- 
ficers. How  many  men  did  Coronado  have?  In  what  year  did  he  start, 
and  from  what  place?  44.  What  did  the  officers  and  men  do  at  Comjjostela 
before  the  start  was  made?  Name  some  of  the  friars  that  accompanied 
Coronado.  WTio  was  Pedro  de  Castaiieda?  4.5.  Was  Coronado  pleased 
with  the  Cibola  country?  Wliat  name  did  he  give  to  the  Zuiii  River?  46. 
What  was  the  original  Indian  name  of  Zuiii?  What  sort  of  reception  did 
Coronado  get?  Wlien  did  Coronado  enter  Zufii?  What  name  did  he  give  the 
province?  Describe  the  pueblo's  condition.  How  was  Coronado  wounded? 
47.  What  did  Arellano  find  on  his  way  to  Cibola?  What  settlements  were 
founded  by  Arellano  ?  What  was  the  object  and  result  of  Maldonado  's  trip 
to  the  coast?  48.  What  did  Melchor  Diaz  do  then?  What  did  he  find  on 
reaching  the  coast?  49.  Who  discovered  and  explored  the  Colorado  Eiver? 
How  far  inland  did  Diaz  go?     Why  did  he  return?     What  happened  to  him? 

XIII 

50.  When  did  the  army  reach  Cibola?  What  was  the  next  province  dis- 
covered, and  by  whom?  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  of  Tusnyan? 
What  did  Tovar  hear  at  Tusayan?  51.  Who  made  the  second  discovery 
of  the  Colorado  Eiver?  Describe  the  efforts  of  Melgosa  and  Galeras.  32. 
Who  discovered  Acuco,  Tigiiex,  and  Cicuye?  Under  what  names  are  these 
pueblos  now  known?  Where  was  Tignex?  What  was  Puaray?  Who  was 
Bigotes?  Why  was  he  driven  that  name?  What  did  Bigotes  say  to  Coronado? 
What  did  Coronado  do  then?  53.  Describe  Alvarado 's  journey.  Wliat  in- 
formation did  he  send  Coronado  from  Tigwex?  How  was  he  received  at 
Puaray?     Wlio  was  Turco?     What  did  he  say  to  Alvarado?     54.     Who  dis- 


150  HISTORY  UP  NEW  MEXICO 

covered  Tutahaeo?  What  pueblos  did  Tutahaco  eomprise?  Wlien  did 
Coronado  and  the  army  reach  Tifjuex?  Wliat  did  Turco  say  to  Coronado? 
How  did  the  S|)aiiiar(lK  treat  the  Indians?  Wliat  was  their  object  in  being 
cruel? 

XIV 

55.  How  did  Coronado  return  the  hosjiitality  of  the  Tiguex  Indians? 
Wliat  brougiit  about  tiie  first  fight  between  the  Tiguex  Indians  and  the 
Spaniards?  When  was  that?  56.  How  long  did  the  siege  of  Puaray  last? 
What  did  Cardenas  do  to  the  Indians  who  had  voluntarily  surrendered? 
Tell  about  the  siege  and  the  losses  of  the  two  sides.  57.  What  was 
Coronado 's  object  in  going  to  Cicuye  while  Tiguex  was  besieged?  Who 
did  he  take  with  him?  Why  had  he  kept  Bigotes  in  prison?  58.  What 
happened  after  Coronado 's  return  to  Tiguex  ?  What  became  of  the  In- 
dians of  Tiguex?  Wliat  about  the  province  of  the  Queres?  What  pueblos 
made  up  that  province?  When  did  Coronado 's  army  undertake  its  journey 
to  the  Quivira? 

XV 

59.  Describe  Coronado 's  march  to  the  Quivira.  What  did  he  find  on  the 
desert?  Did  he  suffer?  60.  What  did  Coronado  learn  about  Cabeza  de 
Vaca?  Who  was  Ysopete?  What  did  Ysopete  tell  the  Spaniards  about 
Turco?  61.  What  happened  to  Turco?  What  became  of  Coronado  and 
the  army?  62.  Describe  the  return  of  the  army  and  the  time  of  travel. 
What  did  Arellano  do  after  reaching  Tiguex  ?  Name  the  new  discoveries. 
63.  Did  Coronado  find  the  Quivira?  Where  w-as  it?  64.  Why  did  Arel- 
lano meet  the  Cicuye  Indians  in  battle?  Where  was  Arellano  going? 
"Wlien  did  Coronado  reach  Tiguex  again? 

XVI 

65.  How  did  Coronado  feel  when  he  returned  to  Tiguex  from  Quivira? 
When  did  he  return?  What  did  he  report  to  the  emperor?  66.  Where 
did  Coronado  and  his  army  spend  the  winter  in  1.541?  What  happened  to 
him  while  riding  on  horseback?  67.  When  did  Coronado  leave  Tiguex 
for  Mexico?  Who,  if  anyone,  remained  in  this  country  when  Coronado 
left?  Where  did  these  fathers  go?  What  became  of  them?  Where  did 
the  Portuguese  go?  What  was  his  name?  Who  found  afterwards  the  Mex- 
ican  Indians?     Where  did  Espejo  find  them? 

XVII 

68.  Who  was  Ibarra?  When  was  the  first  mission  after  Coronado 's 
time,  and  by  whom,  established  in  New  Mexico?  Name  the  soldiers  that 
came  Avith  Fr.  Eodriguez  (Ruiz)  and  his  companions?  69.  Give  the  date 
and  place  of  start  on  this  journey.  What  name  was  first  given  the  Bio 
Grande?  Name  the  place  where  these  Fathers  made  their  headquarters. 
70.  Where,  when,  and  by  whom  were  the  first  mines  discovered  in  New 
Mexico?  What  did  Cliamuscado  and  his  soldiers  do  after  discovering  the 
mines?  71.  Who  gave  New  Mexico  its  name?  Why  was  Father  Juan  de 
Santa  Maria  sent  to  Mexico?  Did  he  reach  Mexico?  Why?  What  became 
of  Father  Lopez  and  Fr.  Rodriguez?  What  became  of  the  Mexican  Indians 
who  came  with  the  Fathers? 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  151 

XVIII 

72.  What  became  of  Chaimiscado 's  force  after  reaching  San  Bartolonie? 
Did  any  of  Chanuiscado 's  jiarty  readi  the  City  of  Mexico?  What  did  Bus- 
taniente  and  Barrado  do  at  Mexico  City?  What  did  Fatlier  Beitran  do  on 
hearing  rumors  of  tlie  killing  of  Father  Lopez  and  his  companions?  Who 
was  Antonio  de  Kspe.io  ?  73.  When  and  from  where  did  he  start?  Who 
accompanied  him  ?  What  was  the  object  of  this  expedition?  74.  Name  the 
Indian  pueblos  visited  by  Kspejo  before  reaching  Tigiiex.  What  did  Es- 
pejo  learn  with  reference  to  Cabeza  de  Vaea?  75.  What  did  Esjiejo  learn 
at  Tiguex  regarding  the  fate  of  Father  Lopez  and  his  companions?  What 
did  the  Puaray  Indians  do  on  Esjejo's  arrival?  What  did  the  Spaniards 
then  resolve  to  do? 

XIX 

76.  Wliere  did  Esjiejo  establish  his  headquarters?  Wliat  name  did  he 
give  to  the  country?  What  did  he  find  near  the  Gila  Biver?  77.  What  did 
Espejo  say  about  the  metals  discovered?  What  happened  to  the  party  at 
Zuiii?  78.  What  did  Espejo  then  do?  Did  he  find  more  mines?  ^^here? 
What  other  places  did  Esjjejo  visit?  79.  When  did  he  return  to  San  Bar- 
tolome,  and  by  what  route?     Who  did  he  find  at  San  Bartolome? 

XX 

80.  Who  was  .Juan  Bautista  de  Lomas  y  Colmenares?  How  many  ef- 
forts did  he  make  to  conquer  New  Mexico?  Why  did  he  fail?  Wliat  can 
you  tell  about  LTrdifiola?  81.  Who  was  Castano  de  Sosa?  Did  he  pene- 
trate into  New  Mexico?  How  many  persons  did  he  bring  with  him?  82. 
Why.  by  whom,  and  where  was  he  arrested?  What  service  did  he  perform 
in  favor  of  the  Pueblo  Indians?  83.  Tell  us  the  story  about  Humaiia  and 
Bonilla.     What  was  the  end  of  that  expedition?     Who  was  Jusepe? 

XXI 

84.  Give  genealogy  of  Oiiate.  W'hat  kind  of  reputation  did  he  have  be- 
fore coming  to  New  Mexico?  8.5.  When  did  he  obtain  authority  to  con- 
quer New  Mexico?  Did  he  succeed  at  once?  W\\j  not?  86.  What  was 
the  result  of  the  dispute?  87.  Give  the  date  and  place  of  his  journey  of 
conquest.  How  many  persons  did  he  bring?  How  many  Franciscans? 
Name  some  of  the  priests  and  officers.  88.  When  and  where  did  Ofiate  take 
possession  of  New  Mexico?  Where  did  he  go  next?  What  did  he  find  at 
Puaray?  89.  Wlien  did  he  reach  the  pueblo  of  Cayjia?  What  name  did 
he  give  that  pueblo  and  why?  Where  did  he  establish  the  first  colony? 
What  did  he  do  next? 

XXII 

90.  What  did  Ofiate  do  with  reference  to  founding  New  Mexico's  first 
capital?  WHiat  did  he  discover  in  his  trip  of  inspection?  What  was  done 
on  his  return  to  the  settlement?  What  was  -the  name  given  to  the  first  cap- 
ital of  New  Mexico?  WHiere  was  it  located?  91.  Eelate  all  you  know 
about  the  conspiracy  of  Aguilar.  What  became  of  it?  Were  any  of  the 
conspirators  executed?  Where  and  by  whom?  92.  What  efforts  did  Onate 
make  to   discover  the   Gulf  of   California?     How  far  did  he  go?     Why  did 


ir)L>  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

lie  iKit  loacli  tlio  (iiilt  .'  Dill  lio  disi-ovor  iiiiiies.''  Wliere?  93.  Make  a 
statoiiient  rcyardiiifr  tlio  death  of  .liian  Zaldivar.  Who  else  was  killed  be- 
sides Zaldivar?  What  happened  then?  94.  What  did  Onate  do  upon  re- 
ceiving the  oi)iMi<)M  of  the  Franciscans?  Wlio  did  he  send  in  cliai-<^e  of  the 
expedition? 

XXI II 

9.').  On  -what  day  did  the  expedition  start  for  Aconia?  What  was  the 
date  of  their  arrival  there?  96.  What  did  Vicente  Zaldivar  do  on  reaching 
Acoma?  What  was  the  result  of  his  efforts?  What  orders  did  he.  give? 
.  97.  Was  the  pueblo  taken  by  the  S])aniards?  How  was  it  taken?  What 
happened  after  the  fall  of  Aconia?  When  ^nd  by  whom  were  the  first 
schools  established?     Wiiat  was  taught  in  them? 

XXIV 

98.  What  did  Onate  do  after  the  battle  with  the  Acoinas?  Who  were 
his  emissaries?  What  did  the  Franciscans  do?  99.  What  was  the  condi- 
tion of  the  colony  at  that  time?  What  did  the  Fathers  do  with  reference 
to  Onate 's  conduct?  100.  Did  Oiiate  go  to  Quivira?  What  took  place  on 
his  arrival  at  Quivira?  What  was  the  cause  of  that  battle?  Why  was  the 
battle-ground  called  El  Llano   de  la  Matanza? 

XXV 

101.  Why  did  the  Franciscans  file  charges  against  Oiiate?  What  Fathers 
made  the  charges?  102.  What  was  the  residt  of  the  charges?  When  did 
the  reenforeemen'ts  arrive?  Were  Oiiate  and  the  Fathers  reconciled? 
Wlien?  103.  State  all  about  Ofiate's  journey  to  the  Gulf.  When  did  he 
start?  When  did  he  reach  the  Colorado  River?  How  did  he  name  it? 
Wlien  did  he  reach  the  Gulf  and  what  name  did  he  give  the  harbor?  What 
did  he  do  on  his  return  to  the  settlement?  104.  When  did  he  found  Santa 
Fe?     What  buildings  did  he  erect?     Who  was  his  successor? 

XXVI 

105.  Up  to  160S  how  many  Indians  embraced  Christianity?  Wliat  was 
the  Spanish  population  in  1617?  What  took  place  in  1620  between  Gov- 
ernor Peralta  and  Father  Peinado?  What  was  the  result  of  their  difficulty? 
Who  succeeded  Peralta  and  when  ?  106.  Who  was  the  first  regular  father 
commisary?  What  for,  and  what  year,  did  Father  Benavides  go  to 
Spain?  Give  a  concise  statement  of  his  report  to  the  king.  107.  Give 
the  nam'es  of  the  successors  of  Zotylo.     Who  was  governor  in   1640? 

XXVII 

108.  Give  the  name  of  the  Franciscans  murdered  by  the  Indians  in  1632. 
Where  and  how  were  they  killed?  109.  What  was  the  cause  of  the  trouble 
between  Governor  Eosas  and  the  Franciscans?  What  was  the  result  of  the 
charges  made  against  Rosas?  What  became  of  Rosas?  110.  Who  was 
Rosas 's  successor  ?  Name  the  other  governors  of  New  Mexico  after  Valdez 
to  1660.  WHien  did  Penaloza  arrive?  Why  were  Mendizabal  and  Peiialoza 
removed?  What  became  of  Penaloza  after  he  went  to  Mexico?  What  did 
he  do  in  Europe?     111.     Give  the  names  of  the  other  governors  from  1664 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  153 

to  1679.  Wliat  was  the  condition  of  tlie  country  ijetween  1607  and  1679? 
What  liai)i)ened  in  1672?  Wliat  did  the  Ajjaches  do  in  1676?  Wiio  was 
Fatlier  Ayeta"?  What  did  he  do  to  Ijriny  relief  to  the  Bpaiiiards?  Did  lie 
accomplish  his  object?     Why  not? 

xxvjir 

111'.  When  was  the  consjiiracy  finally  hatched?  Who  was  the  leader  of 
the  Insurrection?  What  was  the  date  fixed  for  the  opening  of  hostilities? 
113.  Give  the  names  of  the  Indian  governors  who  advised  Otermin  of  the 
seditious  movement.  When  was  it  that  Otermin  found  out  that  Ye  and 
Jaca  had  told  him  the  truth?  114.  When  did  the  rebellion  break  out?  De- 
scribe the  assault  on  Santa  Fe,  giving  date  and  result  of  first  battle.  How 
many  days  did  it  last?  115.  What  was  Pope's  ultimatum  to  Otermin? 
116.  When  was  the  last  battle  fought?  What  was  the  result?  Give  a  de- 
scription of  that  battle  and  of  the  manner  in  which  the  Spaniards  effecteil 
their  escape.  What  did  Otermin  find  on  his  road?  Name  the  priests  whose 
bodies  were  so  found.  What  did  he  do  with  the  bodies?  What  efifect  "did 
that  revolt  have  on  New  Mexico? 

XXIX 

117.  Did  Otermin  make  another  effort  to  reconquer  New  Mexico?  Why 
did  he  resolve  to  quit?  Who  succeeded  him?  118.  Who  was  Domingo 
Gironza  Petriz  de  Cruzat?  How  many  times  did  he  come  into  New  Mexico? 
Give  the  years  he  was  governor.  Did  he  succeed  in  effecting  the  reeonquest 
of  the  country?  Who  succeeded  him?  How  long  did  Pedro  Eenaros  de 
Posadas  remain  as  governor?  Did  he  come  to  New  Mexico?  What  did 
he  do?  Who  was  his  successor?  How  was  Cruzat  met  by  the  Indians  in 
1689?     Did  he  give  the  Indians  battle?     What  was  the  result  of  the  battle? 

XXX 

119.  What  brought  about  De  Vargas'  appointment?  What  do  we  owe 
De  Vargas?  120.  Give  the  dates  of  Captain  Madrid  and  De  Vargas'  start. 
What  did  De  Vargas  do  when  he  reached  the  Mexia  ranch?  Who  were  the 
priests  that  aeeomjmnied  De  Vargas?  121.  Describe  De  Vargas'  journey 
from  Coehiti  to  Santa  Fe.  When  did  he  reach  Santa  Fe?  122.  What  hap- 
pened at  Santa  Fe  on  the  13th  of  September?  What  great  event  occurred 
the  next  day?  Eecite  De  Vargas'  words  used  in  taking  possession  of  Santa 
Fe.     Describe  the  occurrence.     After  retaking  Santa  Fe  what  happened? 

XXXI 

123.  What  occui>ied  De  Vargas'  attention  after  the  taking  of  Santa 
Fe?  Who  was  Don  Luis  Tui)atu?  What  brought  him  to  Santa  Fe?  Of 
what  service  was  he  to  the  Spaniards?  124.  Where  did  De  Vargas  go  first? 
From  Pecos  where  did  he  go?  Who  accompanied  him?  125.  What  other 
pueblos  did  De  Vargas  visit  when  he  left  Santa  Fe  October  17th?  Who 
was  Lorenzo  Tupatii?  How  many  warriors  did  the  Tupatus  furnish  De 
Vargas?  What  took  place  after  the  surrender  of  the  Jemez  province?  126. 
From  the  Mexia  rancli  where  did  De  Vargas  go?  W^ho  went  with  him? 
What  haj)pened  at  Aguatubi?  What  became  of  the  Tupatus  and  their  war- 
riors  after   the  surrender  of  the   INIoquis?     When  did  De  Vargas  reach  El 


154  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

Paso?     How  many  miles  did   the   Spaniards  travel  from   August  21   to  De- 
cember 20,  1692? 

XXXII 

127.  What  was  De  Vargas'  first  act  after  reaching  El  Paso?  How  was 
his  report  received  by  the  viceroy?  Of  how  n;any  persons  was  the  caravan 
composed?  128.  What  day  did  De  Vargas  and  his  people  leave  El  Paso? 
How  many  Franciscan  Fathers  were  in  the  j)artyf  Name  some  of  them. 
129.  What  was  the  result  of  the  suffering  experienced  by  the  caravan? 
How  were  they  saved?  I'M).  On  what  day  did  the  Spaniards  reach  Santa 
Fe?  When  did  L'e  Vargas  take  jiossession  of  the  village?  Describe  the 
act  of  possession.     What  did  De  Vargas  do  next? 

XXXIII 

131.  Who  discovered  the  conspiracy?  What  Indians  were  involved  in 
it?  Who,  besides  Ye,  told  De  Vargas  of  the  conspiracy?  What  did  De 
Vargas  do  after  his  blind  Indian  friend  had  told  him  about  the  conspiracy? 
Did  any  of  the  Indians  remain  loyal  to  the  Spaniards?  From  what  pueblo 
were  they,  and  who  was  their  leader?  1.32.  When  did  De  Vargas  lay  s'ege 
to  Santa  Fe?  Who  was  the  leader  of  the  traitorous  Indians?  Why  was  he 
called  Bolsas?  What  did  Father  de  San  Antonio  do  before  the  assault? 
How  did  Ye  and  his  warriors  behave  during  the  fight?  Describe  the  battle 
of  the  29th  of  December.  What  year  was  it?  What  hapjiened  at  daylight, 
December  30th?  Who  was  the  first  Spaniard  to  set  foot  within  the  walls? 
What  followed?  133.  W^hat  did  De  Vargas  do  after  his  victory?  WTiat 
Indians  remained  hostile  to  the  Spaniards?  Where  did  the  Spaniards  fight 
them?  What  was  the  result  of  the  Mesa  Prieta  siege?  How  long  did  the 
siege  last? 

XXXIV 

134.  What  was  De  Vargas'  next  move  on  his  return  to  Santa  Fe? 
Where  did  he  go  after  sending  his  embassy  to  the  Apaches?  What  pueblos 
were  at  war?  135.  Where  did  the  battle,  of  Cieneguilla  take  place?  What 
was  the  result?  Where  and  when  was  the  next  battle  fought?  How  did  it 
end?  136.  How  were  the  remains  of  Father  .Tuan  de  Jesus  discovered? 
What  was  done  with  the  remains?  When  was  that?  137.  When  did  the 
refounding  of  the  colonies  take  place?  Which  was  the  first  place  repeopled, 
and  under  whose  charge?  138.  What  did  De  Vargas  do  in  November,  169.5? 
What  happened  in  June  of  the  next  year?  Who  was  De  Vargas'  successor? 
When  did  Cubero  assume  charge  of  the  government  ?  What  did  he  do  to 
De  Vargas?  What  did  De  Vargas  do  after  the  sentence?  What  was  the 
outcome  of  the  trial? 

XXXV 

139.  What  was  Cubero 's  first  oflSeial  act?  What  was  New  Mexico's 
Spanish  population  then?  What  brought  about  the  famine?  What  did 
c4ibero  do  to  remedy  the  sad  situation?  140.  What  happened  in  1698? 
Why  did  the  French  invade  the  land  of  the  Navajoes?  What  was  the  re- 
sult of  their  invasion?  When  were  Cubero  and  San  Jose  de  la  Laguna 
founded  by  Cubero?  Are  these  two  pueblos  still  existing?  141.  Wlien  did 
Cubero 's    administration    end?     Who    was    his    successor?     When    did    De 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  155 

Vargas  arrive  in  Santa  Fe .'  Where  was  Cubero  then  ?  142.  What  hap- 
pened to  the  accusers  of  De  Yarj^as?  What  did  De  Vargas  do  next?  Where 
did  he  die?  W'hat  instructions  did  he  leave  in  his  will  and  testament? 
Who  was  his  successor? 

XXXVI 

143.  When  did  Cuervo  y  Valdez  become  governor?  What  did  he  accom- 
plish the  first  year  of  his  administration?  144.  By  whom  and  when  was 
AJburquerqiie  founded?  Why  was  it  given  the  name  of  San  Felipe  de  Al- 
burquerque?  W'ho,  and  when,  succeeded  Valdez?  145.  What  was  Villaseiior's 
full  name  and  title?  What  great  battle  did  he  fight  in  1709?  What  good 
came  out  of  that  battle?  What  improvement  did  he  make  to  the  Chajtel 
of  San  Miguel  ?  Did  he  leave  us  any  record  of  it?  In  what  manner  did  he 
leave  that  record?  What  did  he  do  with  reference  to  repeopling  deserted 
pueblos?  When  and  why  was  he  removed  from  office?  Who  succeeded  him? 
What  year?  146.  When  did  Mogollon  assume  his  official  duties?  What 
great  battle  did  he  fight  during  his  tenn  of  office?  What  town  was  found- 
ed by  him?  Wlien  and  where?  Why  did  he  punish  the  Acomas  and  Nava- 
joes?     Why  did  he  resign? 

XXXVII 

147.  Who  was  Felix  Martinez?  How  did  he  become  governor  of  New- 
Mexico?  What  kind  of  governor  did  he  make?  What  did  he  do  to  Mogol- 
lon? What  battles  did  he  fight?  148.  What  captain  fought  the  Yute 
Indians  at  Cerro  San  Antonio?  Where  is  the  Cerro  San  Antonio?  "Wliat 
was  the  result  of  the  battle?  149.  Who  was  Martinez's  successor?  Did 
Martinez  recognize  C-osio 's  authority?  What  then  happened  to  Martinez? 
W^hom  did  he  take  with  him  to  Mexico?  In  whose  charge  did  Martinez 
leave  the  government  ?  Did  Cosio  finally  take  charge  of  the  government  ? 
When  and  under  what  circumstances?  Who  was  Juan  Estrado  y  Austria? 
What  offices  did  he  fill  in  New  Mexico?  150.  When  and  by  whose  authority 
were  the  firet  public  schools  established  in  New  Mexico?  Describe  the  man- 
ner in  which  these  schools  were  established.  What  was  the  teachers'  pay? 
When  did  Estrado  y  Austria  reach  Santa  Fe?  In  what  capacity  did  lie 
come?  Until  what  time  did  he  act  as  governor?  Who  succeeded  him?  1.51. 
Who  was  Bustamante's  successor?  What  took  place  between  1730  and 
1731?  WHiy  did  not  the  Jesuit  missionaries  remain  in  Moqui?  Why  was 
Bustamante  removed  from  office?  Who  was  Gongora's  successor?  What 
happened  during  the  administrations  of  Gongora  and   Michalena? 

XXXIII 

152.  W^hat  years  did  ]\Iendoza's  term  cover?  What  occurred  during 
his  administration?  Where  did  D 'Alay  settle?  What  became  of  Marie? 
What  was  the  Spanish  population  of  New  Mexico  in  1742?  Does  that 
number  include  the  soldiers?  How  many  villaoes  were  there  then  in  New 
Mexico?  What  missionaries  visited  New  Mexico  in  1745?  W^hy  did  they 
leave  New  Mexico?  Who  succeeded  Mendoza?  Who  succeeded  Eabal? 
What  did  Capuchin  recover  from  the  Comanche  Indians?  153.  Who  suc- 
ceeded Capuchin?  What  years  did  Del  Valle's  government  cover?  Why 
was  his  government  a  failure?  What  bishop  visited  New  Mexico  in  1760? 
Who   was   Mateo   Antonio  de  Mendoza?     Wlien  did  Urrizola  arrive?     Who 


156  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

succeeded  liiin  ?  \V1umi  did  ( 'npiicliiii  a^uiii  In-come  jioveinor?  lo4.  Wliat 
did  Cainudun  ae('oiii|ilisli  duiiii<;  his  last  term  of  otHce ?  Wlio  was  liis  suc- 
cessor? 

XXXIX 

155.  Give  tlie  dates  of  Mendinueta's  term  of  office.  Wiiat  unusual 
occurrences  ciiaracterized  liis  administration  in  1767?  Wliat  otiier  gi'eat 
acliievements  does  liistory  record  in  ins  favor  after  the  flood?  156.  When 
did  he  execute  Ids  peace  treaty  with  the  Comanclies?  What  facts  did  lie 
mention  in  his  report  to  the  viceroy  in  1772?  157.  Who  discovered  the 
salt  lake?  When  and  under  whose  orders?  Why  did  Fathers  Esealante 
and  Domingnez  return  from  Salt  Lake?  158.  Why  did  Mendinueta  quit 
his  office  before  his  time  had  expired?  Who  did  he  leave  in  charge  of  New 
Mexico?  Who  was  Mendinueta's  successor?  Who  was  Anza 's  successor? 
Who  succeeded  de  La  Concha?  Who  fought  Cuerno  Verde?  W^hen  and 
where?  What  was  the  result  of  that  battle?  Did  De  la  Concha  accom- 
plish anything?     Give  the  date  of  his  administration. 

XL 

159.  How  did  Chacon's  government  affect  New  Mexico?  When  was 
commercial  trade  with  the  United  States  started?  Who  was  the  first 
North  American  merchant  to  visit  New  Mexico?     What  became  of  Lalande? 

160.  When  did  Pursley  and  Pike  come  to  New  Mexico?  State  the  cir- 
cumstances under  which   they   came,  respectively?     What  became  of  them? 

161.  Who  was  Pedro  Bautista  Pino?  When  was  he  elected  delegate  to 
Spain?  Who  was  governor  of  New  Mexico  then?  Describe  the  manner  in 
which  his  election  was  brought  about.  What  book  did  he  publish  in  Spain? 
What  else  did  he  do  there?  162.  Wlio  was  McKnight?  When  did  he  come 
to  New  Mexico?  What  was  his  business?  Who  followed  him  the  next 
year?  What  object  did  Glen  and  Becknell  have  in  coming  to  New  Mexico)? 
Who  followed  Becknell?  What  was  the  result  of  these  expeditions  of 
American  merchants? 

XLI 

163.  Who  was  the  last  governor  of  New  Mexico  under  the  Spanish 
regime?  When  did  the  Spanish  rule  end?  What  had  been  its  duration 
in  New  Mexico?  164.  What  was  Mexico's  form  of  government  after  its 
independence?  Who  was  Mexico's  emperor?  165.  Wlien  did  Mexico  be- 
come a  republic?  Who  was  its  first  president?  How  did  these  changes 
atfect  New  Mexico?  What  was  the  condition  of  the  foreign  (American) 
population  in  New  Mexico  in  1827?  Name  the  three  Americans  who  after- 
wards became  prominent  in  New  Mexico's  history.  When  and  by  whom 
were  the  mining  placers  discovered  in  Santa  Fe  County?  What  was  the 
name  given  to  the  new  discovery?  When  was  the  first  Assembly  established 
in  New  Mexico?  What  important  law  did  it  pass  at  its  first  session?  166. 
Name  some  of  the  persons  who  acted  as  governors  from  1828  to  1846. 
When  did  Bishop  Zubiria  make  his  last  official  visit  to  New  Mexico?  When 
and  by  whom  was  the  first  newspaper  published  in  New  Mexico?  What 
was  its  title?  What  year  was  New  Mexico's  form  of  government  changed, 
and  how?  What  was  the  name  given  its  Assembly  then?  What  were  then 
the  conditions  of  New  Mexico's  trade? 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  157 

XLTI 

167.  Who  succeeded  Governor  Sarnvcino?  When  did  Perez  take  charjie 
of  the  government?  What  became  of  (iovernor  Perez?  When  and  by 
whom  was  he  assassinated?  What  brought  about  that  rebellion?  168. 
Who  was  Jose  Gonzales?  Who  made  him  governor?  What  took  jilace  at 
Tome?  What  did  Arniijo  do  after  he  was  made  commandant?  109.  Who 
were  the  four  leaders  executed  by  Armijo?  Where,  and  when,  were  they 
executed?  WHiat  effect  did  the  execution  of  these  rebel  leaders  have  on 
the  rebellion?  What  reward  did  Arniijo  receive  for  his  loyalty  and  pa- 
triotism? 

XLIII 

170.  When  was  the  .American  consulate  established  in  New  Mexico? 
Who  was  named  American  consul?  What  Avas  AJvarez's  nationality? 
What  about  the  creation,  at  Santa  Fe,  of  a  United  States  commercial 
agency?  171.  Wlien  was  the  first  Texan  invasion  made?  Who  was  at 
its  head?  How  many  men  were  in  that  expedition?  What  was  the  result? 
What  became  of  McLeod  and  his  men?  What  do  you  think  of  Armijo's 
conduct  in  cajituring  the  Texans?  What  was  the  treatment  he  gave  them? 
Who  was  John  McDaniel?  What  was  the  result  of  his  raid?  Who  was  the 
next  bandit  from  Texas?  What  did  Wordfield  accomplish?  Who  was 
Snively?  What  success  did  he  have?  What  became  of  him?  Who  was 
Captain  Cook?     Why  was  he  stationed  at  Fort   Bent? 

XLIV 

172.  Who  was  Mariano  Martinez  de  Lejanza?  What  happened  to  him 
in  1844?  W^hat  Indians  made  the  assault?  How  was  he  saved?  173. 
When  was  the  last  election  held  under  Mexican  authority?  What  officials 
were  elected?  174.  What  circumstances  made  the  change  of  governments 
inevitable?  What  was  the  military  situation  in  New  Mexico  at  that  time? 
What  efforts  did  Arniijo  make  to  organize  an  army?  What  did  he  do  on 
the  city  council's  refusal  to  assist  him? 

XLV 

l75.  What  were  the  causes  that  provoked  the  war  with  Mexico?  When, 
from  where,  and  under  what  officer,  did  the  American  army  of  invasion 
start?  What  was  the  strength  of  the  army?  Who  was  Emory?  Who  was 
Doniphan?  Who  was  Sterling  Price?  176.  What  did  Kearny  do  at  Fort 
Bent?  When  did  the  American  army  reach  Las  Vegas?  Describe  the  man- 
ner of  Kearny's  act  of  possession.  177.  Where  did  Kearny  go  from 
Las  Vegas?  Did  Arniijo  oppose  his  march  to  Santa  Fe?  Where  were 
Arniijo  and  his  men  when  Kearny  reached  Canon  del  Apache?  What  did 
Kearny  do  next?  At  what  time  did  he  reach  Santa  Fe?  At  what  time 
and  hour  and  in  what  name  did  Kearny  take  possession  of  Santa  Fe?  Who 
was  Juan  Bautista  Vigil? 

XLVI 

178.  On  what  date  did  Kearny  proclaim  New  Mexico's  annexation  in 
Santa  Fe?  Wliat  promises  did  he  make  to  the  people?  179.  ^Vlien  did 
Kearny  appoint   the  first   Territorial    officials  ?     Whom    did   he   appoint   as 


158  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

governor?  Name  the  otlier  officials  ai)i)()inte(l  by  General  Kearny.  What 
else  did  he  do,  besides  making  these  appointments?  180.  When  did  Kearny 
leave  for  California?  What  instructions  did  he  leave  for  Doniphan  and 
Price?  Where  did  General  Kearny  meet  Kit  Carson?  Where  was  Carson 
going,  and  on  wliose  orders?  What  did  Kearny  do  with  Carson?  When 
did  Doniphan  leave  for  Mexico?  Where  did  he  meet  the  Mexican  army? 
What  was  the  result  of  the  Battle  of  Brazito? 

XLVII 

181.  What  happened  after  Kearny  and  Doniphan's  departure?  Give  the 
names  of  the  chief  conspirators.  What  towns  were  involved  in  the  conspir- 
acy? What  day  was  originally  set  to  strike  the  blow?  182.  What  did 
Governor  Charles  Bent  do  upon  discovering  the  conspiracy?  What  l^ecame 
of  him  at  Taos?  Who  else  were  murdered  at  Taos?  When  was  that? 
Wlio  gave  shelter  to  Lee  and  the  American  families  in  Taos?  Name  those 
murdered  at  Arroyo  Hondo?  Name  those  killed  at  Mora.  18.3.  What  did 
Price  and  St.  Vrain  do  upon  learning  of  the  massacre?  What  battles  were 
fought  between  Santa  Fe  and  Taos?  What  was  the  result  of  these  two 
battles?  When  did  Price  reach  Taos?  How  did  he  find  the  enemy?  What 
kind  of  reception  did  the  enemy  give  Price?  What  was  the  result  of  the 
battle?  When  was  New  Mexico  formally  ceded  by  Mexico  to  the  United 
States?  Wliat  effect  did  the  Treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  have  on  the 
citizens  of  New  Mexico? 

XLIII 

184.  When  did  the  first  legislature  -  under  American  government  meet? 
Under  whose  authority  did  it  meet?  Name  some  of  its  members.  185. 
When  did  the  first  convention  meet  in  Santa  Fe?  Who  was  then  the  civil 
governor?  Name  some  of  the  members  of  that  convention.  186.  What 
M-as  done  by  the  convention?  On  what  day  was  the  Memorial  adopted? 
Give  the  substance  of  the  Memorial.     By  whom  was  it  signed? 

XLIX 

187.  When  did  the  second  convention  meet?  What  did  it  do?  What  was 
the  result  of  Smith's  election?  188.  When  did  the  first  constitutional 
convention  meet?  What  was  the  result  of  its  labors?  When  were  the  State 
officials  under  that  constitution  elected?  189.  When  did  this  first  unau- 
thorized State  legislature  meet?  Who  were  selected  as  United  States  sen- 
ators?    Why  did  the  whole  affair  fail? 


190.  What  year  \\-as  New  Mexico  admitted  as  a  Territory  of  the  United 
States  of  America?  Wliat  other  Territory  was  then  admitted?  Wliat 
about  California?  W^ho  were  New  Mexico's  first  officials  a]ipointed  and 
e'eeted  under  the  Organic  Act?  191.  When  was  the  first  election  held  un- 
der the  Organic  Act?  What  officials  were  then  elected?  When  did  the 
first  Territorial  legislature  meet?  Who  were  its  presiding  officers?  192. 
What  did  the  people  of  New  Mexico  do  after  the  Territory  had  been  offi- 
cially organized?  Did  they  overlook  their  right  to  be  admitted  as  a  State 
of  the  Union? 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  159 

LI 

193.  Who  was  governor  of  New  Mexico  in  1853?  What  did  Lane  do 
with  referenee  to  the  MesiUa  Valley?  What  was  the  outcome  of  Lane's 
action?  What  was  the  date  of  liis  proclamation?  194.  What  treaty  re- 
sulted? How  much  did  the  United  States  pay  for  the  strip  of  land?  When 
was  the  treaty  signed? 

LII 

195.  What  was  the  condition  of  agriculture  in  Pino's  time,  1S12?  What 
was  the  condition  in  1912?  Give  the  number  of  farms  in  1912.  Give  the 
number  of  acres  at  that  rime.  Give  the  value  of  farms  in  1912.  196.  De- 
scribe the  condition  of  stock  raising  in  New  Mexico  in  1827.  What  was 
the  condition  in  1912?  Give  the  number  of  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep  in 
1912-13.  197.  Give  the  boundaries  of  New  Mexico  in  1812.  What  are 
the  present  boundaries? 

LIII 

198.  When  did  the  Civil  War  break  out?  How  long  did  it  last?  How 
many  soldiers  did  New  Mexico  furnish  the  government?  Name  some  of  the 
New"  Mexican  officers  who  served  with  distinction  in  that  war?  What  was 
Kit  Carson's  record  as  a  colonel?  199.  When  were  the  Navajoes  subdued? 
When  were  the  Apaches  compelled  to  surrender?  What  was  the  amount  spent 
by  the  United  States  government  in  these  Indian  wars?  Who  was  Geronimo? 
Wlio  captured  him?  200.  When  was  the  Spau'sh-American  war  declared? 
What  brought  about  that  war?  When  did  it  end?  And  what  was  the  re- 
sult ? 

LIV 

201.  WHiieh  was  the  only  church  existing  in  New  Mexico  at  the  time  of 
the  American  Occupation?  What  Protestant  denomination  was  the  first  to 
come  to  New  Mexico?  WHiat  was  the  name  of  its  minister?  202.  W^ho 
was  'New  Mexico's  first  Catholic  bishop  under  the  American  government? 
Name  Archbishop  Lamy's  successors  to  date?  Where  did  Archbishop  Cha- 
pelle  die?  What  was  the  cause  of  his  death?  How  many  parishes  has  the 
Catholic  church  in  New  Mexico?  203.  How  many  religious  communities? 
What  is  the  Catholic  population  of  New  Mexico?  204.  Wliat  other  denom- 
inations are  there  in  New  Mexico?  Give  the  membership  of  some  of  these 
denominations.  Have  these  denominations  any  mission  schools  in  New  Mex- 
ico?    How  many  such  schools  have  they  in  Santa  Fe? 

LV 

20o.  What  is  the  present  condition  of  the  Pueblo  Indians  with  reference 
to  their  status  when  seen  and  conquered  by  the  Spaniards?  Have  we  today 
the  same  nuumber  of  puel^los  in  existence  as  at  the  time  of  the  conquest? 
Name  the  pueblos  existing  now.  206.  Name  the  savage  tribes  of  New  Mexi- 
co. Under  whose  care,  are  these  tribes?  What  is  their  occupation?  207. 
Wlien  and  by  whom  were  the  first  mines  discovered  in  New  Mexico?  In 
what  counties  are  copper,  silver,  and  gold  found?  What  was  the  output  of 
copper  up  to  the  year  1897?  From  1897  to  1912  what  was  the  output  of  that 
mineral?  Give  the  value  of  the  silver  output.  Also  of  zinc.  V.liat  is  the 
official  report  regarding  the  coal  tonnage  in  New  Mexico? 


160  HISTORY  OP  NEW  MEXICO 

LVI 

,  208.  When  and  by  whom  was  instruction  first  imparted  to  the  Indians  in 
New  Mexico?  When  did  the  Friars  Niza,  Beltran.  llodri^uez,  Lopez,  and 
Juan  dc  Santa  Maria  coninience  to  instruct  the  Indians  of  New  Mexico? 
209.  When  and  by  whom  was  tlie  first  i)ublic  school  in  New  Mexico  estab- 
lished? How  were  the  teachers  i)aid?  210.  What  other  schools  were  estab- 
lished in  the  earlier  part  of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  by  whom?  What 
were  the  cash  salaries  paid  to  the  teachers  of  the  public  schools?  211. 
When  was  the  first  ])ublic  school  school  law  of  New  Mexico  passed?  What 
other,  laws  did  the  Provincial  Assembly  pass  between  1822  and  1826.  212. 
Were  there  any  private  colleges  established  in  New  Mexico  in  1826?  By 
whom  and  where? 

LVII 

213.  How  many  public  schools  were  there  in  New  Mexico  at  the  time  of 
the  annexation?  How  was  the  fact  that  there  was  but  one  ])ublic  school  in 
New  Mexico  at  that  time  made  known?  214.  Who  established  the  first  two 
English  schools  in  New  Mexico?  At  what  date?  215.  Who  brought  the 
Sisters  of  Loretto  to  New  Mexico?  When  did  they  open  their  school?  Who 
was  the  first  mother?  216.  Where  did  the  Christian  Brothers  come  from? 
W^ho  went  to  France  to  bring  them?  When  did  they  arrive  in  Santa  Fe? 
W^hen  did  they  open  the  college?  217.  What  other  schools  has  the  Catholic 
church  in  New  Mexico?  Under  whose  care  are  these  schools?  What  other 
private  schools  are  there  in  New  Mexico  besides  those  of  the  Catholic  church? 

LVIII 

218.  When  was  the  first  public  school  law  under  the  United  States  govern- 
ment passed  by  the  New  Mexican  legislature?  In  whose  hands  were  edu- 
cational matters  placed  by  that  law?  In  whose  hands  are  State  educational 
matters  at  the  present  time?  219.  Who  is  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  man- 
agement of  public  instruction  in  the  State?  What  officers  are  in  charge 
of  educational  matters  in  counties  and  school  districts?  In  whose  charge  are 
the  public  schools  in  incorporated  cities  and  villages?  220.  W\mt  was  the 
school  population  of  New  Mexico  in  1910?  What  is  the  total  attendance  or 
enrollment  in  the  public  schools?  To  what  other  schools  do  the  rest  of  the 
children  go?  What  is  the  amount  of  State  school  funds  collected  from 
taxes?  How  is  that  amount  apportioned?  221.  What  other  income,  for 
school  purposes,  has  the  State?  How  is  that  money  distributed?  222.  How 
many  pupils  attend  the  private  and  denominational  schools?  223.  Name  all 
the  State  educational  institutions.  What  other  funds  are  received  for 
educational  purposes?     How  are  these   funds  apportioned? 

LVIX 

224  NJame  the  penal  and  other  public  institutions  mentioned  in  this 
chapter.  Give  in  round  numbers  the  amounts  assigned  to  each  of  these  in- 
stitutions from  the  public  treasury.  22.5.  How  many  Spaniards  were  there 
in  New  Mexico  in  1697?  How  many  Spaniards  and  how  many  Indians  in 
1750?  And  how  many  of  each  race,  Spaniards  and  Indians,  in  1789?  What 
was  the  total   population   in  1827?     What  in   1840?     226.     What  was  the 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  Ull 

poimlation  by  counties  in  1850?  What  was  it  in  1860?  What  in  1870? 
What  in  1880?  What  in  1890?  Wliat  in  1910?  What  was  the  Pueblo 
Indi.-in  popuhition  in  1910?  What  was  the  jiopuhition  at  that  time,  of 
Xavajoes?     What  of  Apaches? 

LrX 

227.  Give  the  total  value  of  importations  up  to  1804.  When  did  New 
Mexico's  commercial  relations  with  the  United  States  begin?  Who  were 
the  first  American  merchants  that  came  to  New  Mexico?  228.  How  was 
commerce  carried  on  uj)  to  the  year  1822?  When  were  wagons  first  used? 
By  whom?  229.  What  prompted  both  governments  to  use  escorts  in  pro- 
tecting the  caravans?  When  were  escorts  first  used,  and  throuyh  whose 
efforts?     State   the  manner   in  which  these   military  escorts   were   used. 

LXI 

230.  What  was  the  number  of  wagons  employed  from  1825  to  1843? 
Give,  as  near  as  you  can.  the  number  employed  each  year  between  those 
dates.  Give  the  value  of  merchandise  so  brought  into  New  Mexico  in  1825, 
in  1830,  in  1840,  and  in  1843,  res[)ectively.  231.  Why  is  it  that  an  ac- 
count was  kept  of  merchandise  brought  into  New  Mexico  up  to  1846? 
AVhy  has  it  not  been  kept  since.  232.  \^Tien  did  the  first  railroad  reach 
New  Mexico?  What  line  was  that?  What  effect  did  the  coming  of  rail- 
roads have  on  New  Mexico?  How  many  railroad  lines  had  New  Mexico  in 
1914?     How  many  miles  of  telegraph  and  telephone  lines? 

LXII 

233.  How  many  legal  companies  and  corporations  were  there  in  New 
Mexico  up  to  1910?  Name  some  of  said  corporations  and  companies.  234. 
How  many  national  banks  were  there  in  New  Mexico  in  1910?  How  many 
territorial  banks?  What  amount  of  money  did  these  banks,  in  the  aggre- 
gate, represent?  235.  What  do  the  official  reports  show  regardnig  the 
value  of  real  estate  subject  to  taxation  up  to  1881,  and  since  that  year? 

LXIII 

236.  When,  and  by  whom  was  the  New  Mexico  Historical  Society  found- 
ed? When  and  on  what  account,  did  it  cease  to  act?  When  was  it 
reorganized?  What  is  its  object?  237.  When  was  the  Archaeological  So- 
ciety organized  in  New  Mexico?  By  whom?  What  are  its  objects?  What 
amount  docs  this  society  receive  from  the  public  treasury  of  New  Mexico 
each  year?  For  what  purpose  is  that  allowance  made?  238.  Name  the 
first  newspaper  published  in  New  Mexico.  Where  and  by  whom  was  it 
published?  Wlien  and  by  whom  was  the  first  printing  press  brought  into 
New  Mexico?  What  other  things  did  Father  Martinez  publish?  239.  ^Mien 
and  where  was  the  end  of  the  Santa  Fe  trail  dedicated?  What  marks  the 
end  of  this  trail?  Where  is  that  monument?  ,How  long  did  it  take  pas- 
sengers coming  by  the  overland  coach,  to  make  the  trip  from  Kansas  City 
to  Santa  Fe?  What  was  the  fare  charged?  How  much  was  each  pas- 
senger allowed  in  baggage?     What   were  the  charges  for  carrying  money? 


162  HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 

LXIV 

240.  Why  were  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  governments  so  generous  in 
giving  land  grants?  What  was  i)rovided  by  the  Treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo 
with  reference  to  these  grants?  Wlien  was  the  office  of  surveyor-general 
for  New  Mexico  created?  What  was  the  total  area  of  New  Mexico  as 
found  by  the  surveyor-gencr;il?  Of  that  number  what  was  found  to  belong 
to  private  individuals'?  For  what  ])urpose  was  the  court  of  private  land 
claims  created?  What  was  the  result  of  its  lalwrs"?  241.  State  the  system 
of  government  given  to  New  Mexico  by  Spain.  242.  Give  the  system  of 
government  of  New  Mexico  under  Mexican  rule.  24.3.  What  was  New 
Mexico's  form  of  government  from  184(5  to  1851?  What  under  the  United 
States?  244.  How  was  justice  administered  under  the  Territorial  form  of 
government?  Give  the  form  of  county  and  precinct  governments.  245.  How 
is  New  Mexico  divided  for  ])olitical  purposes?  Into  how  many  districts 
is  New  Mexico  divided  for  judicial  purposes? 

LXV 

246.  When  was  the  struggle  for  statehood  commenced?  Make  a  state- 
ment of  the  struggle  from  1846  to  1912.  247.  Tlirough  whose  efforts  was 
•the  last  enabling  act  passed?  When  was  that?  AVhen  and  where  was  the 
last  statehood  convention  held?  Who  were  its  principal  officers?  Was 
the  constitution  adopted  by  that  convention  approved  by  the  people?  By 
what  majority?  248.  What  was  done  next?  Give  an  account  of  the 
fight  made  in  Congress  against  the  constitution.  What  was  the  ultimate 
result?  249.  What  had  the  blue  ballot  to  do  with  our  constitution?  When 
was  the  election  held  for  State  officers?  Was  the  blue  ballot  submitted 
to  the  voters  at  the  same  time?  Name  some  of  the  State  officers  elected 
and  by  what  jjlurality?     Was  the  blue  ballot  adopted?     By  what  majority? 

LXVI 

250.  When  did  President  Taft  issue  his  proclamation  admitting  New 
Mexico?  When  did  the  two  representatives  take  their  seats?  Who  were 
they?  251.  When  was  the  State  government  organized?  252.  When  and 
where  did  the  first  State  legislature  meet?  Wliat  was  its  membership? 
Give  the  names  of  the  presiding  officers.  What  did  the  legislature  do  March 
27,  1912?  Who  were  the  senators  elected?  When  did  these  senators  take 
their  seats  in  the  United  States  Senate?  253.  What  do  you  understand 
by  the  Eoea  del  Moro?  What  inscriptions  are  found  engraved  on  that 
rock? 


v^ta*'^^*'* 


Appendix 


APPENDIX 

GOVERNORS  OF  NEW  MEXICO   UNDER  THE  THREE 
GOVERNMENTS— 1598-1912 


List  of  Governors  of  New  Mexico  under  Spain — 1598-1822 


Onate 1598-1(508 

Peralta         ....  1G09-1620 

Zotylo 1(321-1629 

De   Silva     ....  ]  (3:! 0-1 6.39 
De  Rosas   (assassinated 

1642)        ....  1(340-1(542 

ArjriieMo      .       .       .       .  1642 

Valdez          .       .       .       .  1643 

l}e  Heredia     .         .         .  1644 

Argiiello,   again        .       .  1645-1649 
De  Guzman,  Ugarte,  and 

La   Concha     .       .       .  1650-1652 
Avila  y  Pache<'o,  Sama- 

niego        ....  1653 

Mendizabal        .       .       .  1653-1660 

Penalozn      .       .       .       .  1661-1661 
Villanueva,  Medrano,  and 

Miranda          .       .       .  1665-1679 

Trevifio        ....  1679 
Otermin    (expc'led   in 

1680)        ....  1679- 

Jironza    de    Cmzat       .  1683 
De  Posada  and  De   Cruzat 


(reappointed)  .  .  1687- 
De  Vargas  .  .  .  1692 
Eodriguez  de  Cubero  .  I(i96- 
De  Vargas  (reaj^pointed 

— death    of) 
Hurtado     (named     by     De 
Vargas,     as    his     succes- 
sor)   .       .       .       .       .       1704 
Cuervo  y  Valdez      .       .       1705 


1683 
1686 

1691 
1696 
1703 


1703-1704 


Chacon  Medina  Salavar  y 
Villasenor,  Marquez  of 
La  Peiiuela  .  .  .  1707- 
riores  Mogob'on  .  .  1712- 
Martincz  and  Hnrtado  1715- 
Velarde  y  Cocio  .  .  1718- 
Estrado  y  Anstria   and   De 

Bustamante    .       .       .       1722- 
Cruzat  Gongora       .       .       1731- 
De  Olavide  y  Micha'ena       1736- 
Doniingo    de    Mendoza        1739- 
Codallos  y   Rabal    .       .       1743- 
Vel'ez    Capuchin      .       .       1749- 
Martin    del    Valle   and    De 
Mendoza   (ad  interim  to- 
wards end   1760)        .       1754- 
Portillo  Urriola       .       .       1761- 
Vellez  Capuchin  (reappoint- 
ed)            1762- 

Fermin    de  Mendinueta        1 767- 

Trevol    (acting)        .       .       1778 

Bautista  de  Anza  . 

De   la   Concha   . 

Chacon 

Del   Peal    Alencaster 

Mainez — ad  interim 

Manrique  . 


1712 
1715 
1718 
1721 

1731 
1736 
1739 
1743 
1749 
1754 


1778 
1789- 
1794 
1805- 
1808 
1808- 
1815 
1818 


1760 
1762 

1767 
1777 

1789 
1794 
1805 

1808 

1814 
1817 


1 705 
1707 


Mainez 
Allande 
Melgares   (last   Spanish 
governor)   .   .   .   1818-1822 


170 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


List  of  Governors  of  New  Mexico  under  the  Mexican 
Government— 1822-1846 

Xavier  Chavez  and  Visfiirra  Perez    .....       1835-1837 

(ad  interim)   in   18:22)      1822-1823  Mufioz   and  Gonzales    (rev- 

Viscarra       ....        1823  ohitioiiarv    {governor)         1837-1838 

Baca 1823-1825  Armijo        ".       .       .       .       1838-1844 

Narbona.  Ainiijo,  and   Vis-  Martinez    de    Lejanza    (ad 

earra   (ad  interim)     .       1825-1827  interim)          .       .       .       1844-1845 

Chavez         ....       1828-1831  Armijo  and  Bautista  Vigil 

Abreu 1831-1833  (ad  interim')    continuing 

Sarracino.    with    Ortiz    and  from  August  18   to   Sep- 

Chkvez    (ad  interim)        1833-1834  tember  22,  1846)       .       1845-1846 

List  of  Governors  under  the  U.  S.  Government — 1846-1912 


Under  military   goverxmext: 

S.   W.   Kearny,   August  19 

to    September   22        .  1846 

Chas.    Bent        .       .       .  1846-1847 

Donaciano  Vigil       .       .  1847-1848 

J.  M.  Washington  .       .  1848-1849 

John    Monroe    .       .       .  1849-1850 

Under  Organic  Act: 
James    S.    Calhoun        .       1851-1852 
John  Greiner,  secretary  of 
the     Territory      (ad     in- 


terim) 

1852 

William    Car    Lane 

1852-1853 

Davis  Meriwether   . 

1853-1857 

Abraham  Rencher  . 

1857-1861 

Henry  Connelly 

.       1861-1866 

Robert    B.   Mitchell 

.       1866-1869 

William  A.  Pile       . 

.       1869-1871 

Marseh   Giddings     . 

.       1871-1875 

William  G.  Ritch  (see 

retary 

of  government  (ad 

inter- 

im)    .... 

.       1875 

Samuel  B.  Axtell   . 

.       1875-1878 

Lew  Wallace     . 

.       1878-1881 

Lionel  A.  Sheldon  .  .  1881- 
Edmund  G.  Ross  .  .  1885- 
L.  Bradford  Prince  .  1889- 
William  T.  Thornton  1893- 
Miguel  A.  Otero,  Jr.  .  1897- 
Hebert  J.  Ilagerman  .  1906- 
James  W.  Raynolds  (sec- 
retary of  government  ad 
interim)  .       .       .       1907 

George   Curry   .       ,       .       1907- 
W.    J.    Mills"     .       .       .       1910- 
who    was    succeeded    by 
Wm.  C.  McDonald,  first 
State  governor,  Januarv 
15,   1912 
Ezequiel  C.   de  Baca   (lieu- 
tenant-governor)    ad    in- 
terim'-   a    short    time     in 
1913,  McDonald  being  in- 
capacitated   by    sickness. 
In   Febniary,   1914,  Eze- 
quiel C.   de  Baca,  ad  in- 
terim,   Governor  McDon- 
ald   being    absent    from 
the  State 


1885 
1889 
1893 
1897 
1906 
1907 


1910 
1911 


CHIEF  JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT 


Joab  B.  Houghton  (ap 
pointed  by  General  Kear 
ny)     .       [       . 

Grafton    Baker 

J.  J.  Davenport 

Kirby   Benedict 

John  P.  Slough 

John    S.    Watts 

Joseph    G.    Palen 

Henry  L.  Waldo 

Chas.    IMcCandless    . 

L.  Bradford  Prince 


S.    B.    Axtell    . 

1882 

W.   Vincent 

1885 

1846 

E.    V.   Long 

1885 

ISol 

James    0  'Brien 

1889 

1858 

Thos.    J.    Smith 

1893 

1858 

Wm.   J.    Mills    . 

1898 

1866 

W.    H.   Pope     .       . 

1910-1911 

1868 

(last     under     Territorial 

1868 

government ) 

1876 

Clarence    J.   Roberts    (first 

1878 

State       chief       justi 

^e). 

1879 

elected  November  7  ,1911 

LIST  OF  MEMBERS  OF  STATEHOOD  CONVENTION, 

1910 


FraiK-is     E.     Woo-l,     Herbert     F 
Eaynolds,     Nestor    Montoya,    E.     S 
Stover,   A.   A.  Sedillo,   M.   L.   Stern 
Anastacio   Gutierrez,   H.  B.   Fergus 
son,  Green  B.  Patterson.  G.  A.  Eich 
ardson,  John  I.  Hinkle,  Emmett  Pat 
ten,  C.  J.  Roberts,  Norman  Bartlett 
Geo.    Brown,    T.    H.   O'Brien,    Chas 
Springer,    Francisco    Gauna,    T.    J 
Mabry,    J.    W.    Childers,    Frank    W 
Parker,  Isidore  Armijo,  W.   E.  Gar 
rison,  C.  E.  Miller,  M.  P.  Skeen,  G 
E.  Briee,  W.  D.  Murray,  A.  H.  Harl 
lee,    J.    B.    Gilerist,   W.    B.   Walton 
J.    G.    Clancy,    Raymond    Harrison 
Salome    Martinez,    Tranquilino    La- 
badie,  John  Capping,  J.   J.  Aragon, 
A.  H.  Hudspeth,  J.  N.  Upton,  George 
Page,   Juan    Navarro,   Daniel    Cassi- 
dy,  Anastacio  Medina,   Emanuel  Lu- 
cero,  Fred  S.  Brown,  A.  B.  Fall,  J. 
A.  Lawson,  George  E.  Moffett,  Reed 


Hollonian,  Charles  Kohn,  C.  F.  Sax- 
son,  J.  L.  House,  C.  C  Davis,  T.  D. 
Burns,  V.  Jaramillo,  J.  A.  Lucero, 
Perfecto  Esquivel,  Samuel  Eldot.  J. 
H.  Crist,  W.  E.  Lindsey,  James  Hall, 
Alejandro  Sandoval,  Epimeneo  Mi- 
era,'  R.  W.  Heflin,  M.  D.  Taylor,  C. 
i\r.  Crampton,  J.  M.  Cunningham, 
H.  W.  Kelly,  S.  B.  Davis,  A.  Roy- 
bal,  Luciano  Maes,  C.  A.  Spies,  E. 
Romero,  Margarito  Eomero,  N.  Se- 
gura,  T.  B.  Catron,  J.  D.  Sena,  G. 
W.  Prichard,  B.  F.  Pankey,  V.  Or- 
tega, F.  H.  Winston,  E.  D.  Titman, 
A.  Abeytia  F.  Romero,  H.  O.  Burs- 
sum,  H.  M.  Dougherty,  O.  G.  Mar- 
tinez, W.  Mcintosh,  A.  B.  Macdon- 
ald,  Acasio  Gallegos,  E.  Gallegos,  C. 
C.  Vigil,  F.  C.  Fields,  G.  W.  Baker, 
Salomon  Luna,  J.  Becker,  Silvestre 
Miraval 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  FIRST  STATE  LEGISLATURE,  1912 


John  S.  Clark,  East  Las  \'egas,  Re- 
publican 

Jnan    Navarro,   Mora,   Republican 

Louis  C.  llfeld.  Las  Vegas,  Rei)ubli- 
can 

Thomas  D.  Burns,  Tierra  Amarilla, 
Republican 

Joseph  F.  Sulzer,  Albuquerque, 
Progressive   Republican 

Epinienio  A.  Miera,  Cuba,  Republi- 
can 

Isaac  Barth,  Alburquerque,  Demo- 
crat 

E.   C.  Cranipton,   Raton,   Republican 

Eugenio  B.  Gallegos,  Clayton,  Re- 
publican 

Benjamin  F.  Pankey,  Lamy,  Repub- 
lican 

Squire  Hartt,  Jr.,  Ranchos  of  Taos, 
Republican 


Boleslo  Romero,   Los  Lunas,   Repub- 
lican 
Charles    J.   Laughren,   Republican 
Albino   Romero,    San    Marcial,    Pro- 
gressive Republican 
William  M.  McCoy,  Mountainair,  Re- 
publican 
Herbert  B.  Holt,  Las  Cruces,  Repub- 
lican 
George   Page,   Gallup,   Republican 
John   M.   Bowman,  Alamogordo,  Re- 
publican 
James  F.  Hinkle,  Roswell,  Democrat 
Fred   F.  Doepp,  Carlsbad,   Democrat 
A.  J.   Evans,  Portales,  Democrat 
C.    H.  Alldredge,   Tucumcari,  Demo- 
crat 
T.  J.  Mabry,  Clovis,  Democrat 
W.  B.  Walton,  Silver  City,  Democrat 


REPRESENTATIVES 


Zacarias  Padilla.  Los  Lunas,  Repub- 
lican 

Miguel  E.  Baca,  Los  Lunas,  Repub- 
lican 

Conrad  N.  Hilton,  San  Antonio,  Re- 
jiublican 

Thomas  F.  Cooney,  Mogollon,  Re- 
])ublican 

Tonias  A.  Gurule,  Albuquerque,  Dem- 
ocrat 

John  Barron  Burg,  Albuquerque, 
Democrat 

Rafael  Garcia,  Albuquerque,  Dem- 
ocrat 

Roman  L.  Baca,  Santa  Fe,  Repub- 
lican 

Charles  C.  Catron,  Santa  Fe,  Repub- 
lican 


Julian    Trujillo,    Chimayd,    Rei)ubli- 

can 
J.   P.    Lucero,    Lumberton,    Republi- 
can 
George   W.   Tripp,  East   Las  Vegas, 

RejHiblican 
Jose   Lobato,   Tecolote,    Republican 
Francisco  Quintana,  Las  Vegas,  Re- 
publican 
Bias    Sanchez,    Wagon    Mound,    Re- 
publican 
Remigio    Lopez,    Roy,    Democrat 
J.    R.   Skidmore,   Raton,   Republican 
M.  C.  Martinez,  Raton,   Democrat 
Manuel   Cordova,   Taos,  Republican 
liuis  R.   Montoya,   Taos,  Republican 
Marcos  C.  de  Baca,  Bernalillo,  Pro- 
gressive Republican 


174 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


O.  T.  'r()()Jiil)S,  Oliiytoi),   l\i'|iiilili('aii 
J.    D.    C'asados,    (,'laphani,    Democrat 
James  W.  Chavez,  Willard,  Eepubli- 

ean 
Juan    J.    Clancy,    Puerto    de    Luna, 

Republican 
John    Voun<j,  Gallup,  Re])ul)lican 
Duncan     I\Ic(iillvray,     Crown     Point, 

Kepublican 
W.  11.  11.  Llewellyn,  Las  ('ruces,  Ke- 

])ublican 
Presiliano   Moreno,   Las   Cruces,   Re- 
publican 
James  V.  'Tnlly,  Gleneoe,  Republican 
Charles  P.  Downs,  Alaniogordo,  Re- 
publican 
J.  W.  Mullens,  Roswell,  Democrat 
J.   T.   Evans,   Roswell,   Democrat 
W.  E.  Rogers,  Roswell,  Democrat 
Hugh  M.   Gage,  Carlsbad,  Democrat 


I>"'ioronce  Love,   Loving,  Democrat 
P.    K.   Carter,  Portales,   Democrat 
A.  8.  Goodell,  Silver  City,  Democrat 
Robert    H.    Boulwaere,    Silver    City, 

Democrat 
George   H.    Tucker,  Hillsboro,   Dem- 
ocrat 
W.  H.   Chrisman,   Aztec,  Republican 
J.    W.   Campbell,   Tucumcari,   Demo- 
crat 
J.  L.  House,  House,  Democrat 
Antonio  D.  Vargas,  Ojo  Caliente,  Re- 

]iublican 
Tran(iuilino    Labadie,    Santa     Rosa, 

Republican 
Manuel    P.    Manzanares,    Fort   Sum- 
ner, Republican 
W.   E.   Blanchard,    Arabella,  Repub- 
lican 
W.   W.   Nichols,   Clovis,   Democrat 


DELEGATES  IN  CONGRESS,  1847-1912 


Messervy    and    We-ightmau    already 

mentioned 
Jose  Manuel  Gallegos  .  1 853-1855 
Miguel  A.  Otero,  Sr.  .  1856-1861 
John  L.  Watts  .  .  1861-1863 
Francisco  Perea  .  .  1863-1865 
J.  Franco  Chavez  .  .  1865-1869 
Charles  P.  Clever  .  .  1869-1871 
J.  Franco  Cliavez   .       .       1871 

(contested   Clever 's   elec- 
tion and  was  successful) 
Jose   Manuel  Gallegos  .       1871-1873 
Stephens    B.    Elkins      .       1873-1877 


Trinidad    Eomero    . 
Mariano    S.  Otero  . 
Tranquilino   Luna    . 
F.  A.  Manzanarez  . 
Antonio    Joseph 
Thomas  B.  Catron  . 
H.    B.    Fergvisson    . 
Pedro    Perea    . 
Bernard  S.  Eodey  . 
William    H.    Andrews 
(last  delegate  under 
Organic   Act) 


1877 
1879 
1881 
1883 
1885 
1895 
1897 
1899 
1901 
1905 


1879 
1881 
1883 
1885 
1895 
1897 
1899 
1901 
1905 
1911 


the 


Index 


II 


I 


i 


INDEX 


Acomas,  visited  by  Alvarado,  53 ; 
murder  Zaldivar,  93 ;  refuse  to  sur- 
render murderers,  96 ;  conquered, 
97 

Agriculture,  history   of,  195 

Aguilar,  Captain,  heads  mutiny,  91 

Alarcon.  Hernando  de,  sails  ■woth 
provisions  for  Coronado  's  expedi- 
tion, 43 

Alburquerque  (now  spelled  Albu- 
querque), founded  by  Yaldez.  144 

Alburquerque,  Duke  of.  viceroy,  no- 
tified of  death  of  De  Vargas,  142; 
refuses  to  honor  settlement  with 
his  name,  144 

Alcaraz,  Captain  Diego  de,  arrests 
De  Yaca  and  companions,  28 ;  at 
Sefiora,  48 ;   returns  to  Mexico,  48 

Aleman,  Juan,  governor  of  Puaray, 
55 

Alvarado,  Hernando  de.  commands 
expedition,  52;  visits  Acoma, 
Puaray,   and  Cicuye,   53 

Alvarez,  Don  Manuel,  American  con- 
sul Santa  Fe,  170 

America,  first  inhabitants,  1.  2 

Americans,  first  merchants.  159 ;  sol- 
diers under  Pike  arrested,  160 ; 
first  expedition  with  pack  mules, 
162;  many  newcomers.  165;  jdan 
to  assassinate  them,    IS] 

Annexation  accomplished,  178 

Anza,  Don  Juan  Bautista  de,  battle 
with  Comanches  in  Kansas,  158 

Archuleta,  Diego,  heads  movement 
against   Americans,   181 

Argiiello,  Fernando  de,  governor, 
107;  reappointed,   110 

Arizona,  visited  by  La  Ascencion, 
30;  votes  against  joint  statehood, 
246 

Armijo,    Don    Manuel,    mad  ,    com- 


mandant of  volunteers,  168 ;  pro- 
claimed governor,  169 ;  captures 
Texas  invaders,  171;  raises  army 
to  resist  U.  S.  troops,  174;  re- 
fuses to  surrender  to  Kearny. 
176;  flees  before  U.  S.  army,  177 

Arrelano,  Tristan  de,  commands  part 
of  Coronado  "s  army,  44 ;  founds 
colony  of  San  Geronimo  de  los 
Corazones,  47;  at  Tiguex,  54;  kills 
500  buffaloes,  62 ;  returns  with 
army,   62 

Arvide,  Father,  murdered  by  Indians, 
108 

Ascencion,  Juan  de  la,  discovers  Gila 
River,  30 

Assassination,  of  Gov.  Bent  and  oth- 
ers, 182 

Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe, 
builds  railroad  to  New  Mexico,  232 

Austria,  Juan  Estrado  y,  succeeds 
Cosio,  149 ;  investigates  differ- 
ences between  Martinez  and  Mo- 
gollon,   150 

Ayeta,  Father  Francisco,  goes  for 
succor,  111 

Aztecs,  visited  by  Cortes,  9 ;  make 
human  sacrifices,  9;  origin  un- 
known, 9 

Baca.  Gov.  Bartolome,  sends  Escu- 
dero  to  Washington.  229 

Banks  and  banking,  234 

Beltran.  Father,  organizes  expedi- 
tion, 72;  accor.ipanies  Espejo,  73; 
returns  to  Mexico,  77 

Benavides,  Fr.  Alonzo,  reports  on 
New  Mexico,   106 

Bent,  Charles,  arrives  from  United 
States,  165 ;  first  governor  under 
*  -nencans.  166  ;  discovers  conspir- 
acy   181;  assassinated,  182 


ISO 


ISTOKY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


Bijjotos,  Indian  from  Cicuye,  sulj 
niits  to  Coronado,  o2;  released 
from    j)rison,    57 

Biy  of  Rifjhts,  extended  to  New 
Mexico.   178 

Blue  ballot,  provides  easier  way  for 
ainendinjf  State  constitution,  L'49 

Bolsas  (Pokets),  leader  of  Indian 
conspiracy,  ];^2;  captured  and  shot, 
132 

Bonilla,  Francisco  Leyva.  visits 
Gran  Quivira,  8.3;  killed  by 
Humana,  8.3 

Boundaries,  of  New  Mexico,  197 

Brazinas,  Marquis  de,  see  Vargas, 
Don  Diego  de 

Brothers,  the  Christian,  see  Chris- 
tian Brothers 

Bustamante,  Don  Juan  Domingo  de. 
succeeds  Austria,  1.50;  conducts  il- 
licit trade,  151 

Calhoun,  James  S.,  appointed  gov- 
ernor,  190 

California,  admitted  as  State,  190 

Cano,  Don  Ignacio,  discovers  rich 
mining  placers,   165 

Capuchin,  Don  Tomas  Vellez,  gover- 
nor, 152  ;  reinstated,  153  ;  develops 
industries,  154 

Cardenas,  Garcia  Lopez  de.  redis- 
covers Colorado  River,  51 ;  at 
Tigiiex,  53 ;  burns  Indians  alive, 
56;    wounded.  56 

Carson  Kit,  arrives  from  United 
States,  165;  goes  with  Kearny  as 
giiide,  ISO;  distinguished  in  war, 
198 

Casas.  Bartolome  de  las.  12 

Castaiiada,  Pedro  de,   44 

Castillo.  Alonzo  de,  18 ;  survivor  of 
expedition  of  Narvaez.  24;  journey 
across  continent,  25 

Castillo,  Tomas  Chavez  y,  last  dele- 
gate under  Mexican  rule,  173 

Catholic  church,  under  American 
flag,  202 

Catiti,  captain  in  insurrection,  114 

Catron,  Thomas  Benton,  one  of  first 
U.  S.  senators.   252 

Census,     first     official,     139;     under 


Mexican  goveriunent,  225;  under 
U.  S.,  226 

Cerna.  Cai)tain,  defeats  Indians,  148 

Chacon,  Don  Fernando,  succeeds 
Concha,  158;    his  government,  159 

Champlain,  Samuel  de,  founder  of 
Quel>ec,  16 

Chasmuscado,  Ca[)tain  Francisco  San- 
chez, accompanies  first  mission, 
68;  death  of,  72 

Chavez,  Don  "Manuel,  killed  by  Mc- 
Daniel   expedition,    171 

Chimayo  rebellion,  167-169;  leaders 
executed,  169 

Christian  Brothers,  found  school  for 
boys,  216 

Churches,    201-204 

Cibola,  see  Seven  Cities 

Cieneguilla,  battle  of,   135 

Columbus,  Oiristopher,  discovers 
America,   4 

Commerce,  under  Spanish  and  Mex- 
ican regimes,  227 ;  under  U.  S.. 
228;  troops  protect  traders,  229; 
statement  of,  230;  before  advent 
of  railroads,  231;  enhanced  by 
railroads,  232 

Congress,  nullifies  State  election, 
189;  admits  New  Mexico  as  a  Ter- 
ritory, 190;  rejects  statehood,  246; 
passes  enabling  act,  247 ;  passes 
statehood   bill,'  248 

Conquerors,  Oiiate's  expedition,  87; 
conquest  acknowledged,  102;  Span- 
iards driven  out  by  Indians,  1 12- 
116;  expedition  of  De  Vargas,  119 

Convention,  to  establish  Territorial 
government,  185;  adopts  Memo- 
rial,  186;   second   convention,   1S7 

Cook,  Captain  John,  captures  Snive- 
ly  and  his  men,  171 

Coronado,  Francisco  Vasquez  de,  19; 
heads  expedition  to  New  Mexico, 
43 ;  reaches  Zuiii,  45 ;  wounded  in 
battle,  46 ;  at  1  iguex,  32 ;  orders 
Indians  killed,  56;  visits  Tiguex 
and  releases  Bigotes,  57;  starts  for 
Gran  Quivira.  58;  suffering  on  tl'e 
march,  59;  arrests  Turco,  61;  or- 
ders Turco  executed  and  returns  to 


INDEX 


181 


Tiguex,  63;  reports  to  the  emier- 
or,  65;  injured,  66;  returns  to 
Mexico   Mith   army,    67 

Corporations,   233 

Cosio,  Captain  Antonio  Velarde  y, 
appointed  governor  ad  interim,  149 

Cubero,  Don  Pedro  Rodriguez  de, 
succeeds  De  Vargas,  13S ;  inspects 
province,  139;  founds  Cubero  and 
Laguna,  140 ;  succeeded  by  De 
Vargas  and  leaves  secretly,  141 

Cuerno  Verde  (Green  Horn),  Co- 
manche  chief,   15S 

Cruzat,  Gironza  Petriz  de,  succeeds 
Oterniin,  117;  expedition  to  New 
Mexico,  118 

Diaz,  Melehor,  releases  De  Vaca  and 
companions,  29  ;  at  Seiiora,  48  ;  ac- 
cidentally killed,  48 

Doniphan  Colonel,  commands  cavalry 
regiment,  175;  invades  ^lexico,  ISO 

Dorantes,  Andres,  18;  survivor  of 
expedition  of  Narvaez,  24;  journey 
across  continent,  25 

Education,   208-223;   see   Schoos 

El   Crepusculo,  first   newspaper,    168 

Election,   first  State  oflScers,   249 

Escanjaque  Indians,  battle  with 
Spaniards,    100 

Escaion,  Father  Juan  de.  arraigns 
Ofiate.  101 

Escalona,  Fr.  De,  killed  by  Indians, 
67 

Escobar,  Father  Francisco,  accom- 
panies Ofiate,  103 

Escudero,  Don  Manuel  Smion,  per- 
suades U.  S.  to  protect  traders, 
229 

Fspejo,  Antonio  de,  19 

Espejo,  Antonio  de,  19;  heads  ex- 
pedition, 72;  defeats  Jumanos.  74; 
reaches  Tiguex,  75 ;  calls  Xew  Mex- 
ico Nueva  Andalucia,  76;  discovers 
rich  mines,  77 ;  visits  many  pueb- 
los, 78;   returns  to  Mexico,  79 

Estevanico,  a  negro,  accompanies  Pe 
Vaca.  18 ;  survivor  of  expedition 
of  Nar\'aez,  24;  journey  across 
continent,  25;  guides  Fr.  Niza,  35; 


reaches    Zuni,    38;    killed    by    In- 
dians, 41 

Fall,  Albert  B.,  one  of  first  U.  S. 
senators,  252 

Florida,  discovered  by  Ponce  de 
Leon,  16 

French,  expedition  from  Louisiana, 
140;   first  colonists,   152 

Gadsden  Treaty,  194 

Gallegos,  Jose  Manuel,  heads  move- 
ment against  Americans,  181 

Gazette,  first  English  and  Spanish 
newspaper,  191 

Geronimo,  Indi'^n  .chief,  captured, 
199 

Gongora,   succeeds    Bustamanto,    157 

Gonzales,  Jose,  made  governor  by 
rebels,  168 

Government,  under  Spanish  regime, 
241;  under  Mexican  rule,  242;  un- 
der U.  S.,  243;  county,  244;  State 
organized,  251 

Governors,  list   of,   166 

Gran  Quivira.  described  by  Turco, 
54;  location,  62;  visited  by  Hu- 
mana and  Bonilla,  83;  bv  Ouate, 
100 

Grayson,  Col.  .7.  B..  founder  Sta^e 
Historical  Society,  236 

Grijalva,  Juan  de,  7 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  treaty  signed, 
183 

Guzman,  Nmlo  de,  receives  De  Vaca 
and  comi^anioEs  kindly,  29 

Historical  society,  236 

Humana.  .luan  de.  visits  Gran  Qui- 
vira, 83;  kiPs  Bonilla,  83;  killed 
by  Indians,  S3 

Hurtado,  Juan  Paiz,  assumes  charge 
on  death  of  De  Vargas.  142 ;  left 
in  charge  by  Martinez,  149 

Ibarra,   Francisco  de,  19 

Ibarra,  Don  Francisco,  heads  expedi- 
tion, 68 

Incas,  rulers   of  Peru,   10 

Indians,  in  Mexico  and  Perii,  3 ;  first 
discovery  of.  4;  origin  of  name,  5; 
domestic  habits,  14;  religion,  15; 
origin  of,  16;  visited  by  De  Vaca, 


182 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


17;  cuiiie  from  Asia,  lil  ;  i'X|n'll(".l 
from  tlieir  liomos,  ;j4  ;  iiisiirnvtion 
and  cniol  troatmeiit.  ;").");  shiiitjli- 
tcred  and  l)iirnoil  alive.  5(i;  kill 
Spaniards,  (50;  murder  three  Fran- 
ciscans, 108;  war  between  Apaches 
and  Zufiis,  111;  insurrection  of, 
llL'-llfi;  siege  of  Santa  Fe,  115; 
capture  of  Santa  Fe,  116;  submit 
to  De  Var^ras,  12:M2G;  i)Iot  to 
murder  all  Sjianiards,  131;  war 
among  the  Pueblos,  184;  insurrec- 
tion, 138;  condition  of  Pueblos 
today,  205;  the  savage  Indians, 
206  ' 
Insurrection  of  1780,  112-116 
Institutions,  see  State  iii.stitntioiift 
Iturbide,  Don  Augiistin  de,  first  em- 
peror of  Mexico,   164 

Jaea,  governor  of  Taos,  warns  Oter- 

min,   113;  captain  in  insurrection. 

114 
Jemez   Hot    Springs,    discovered,   90 
Jesus,  Father  Juan  de,  remains  taken 

to  Santa  Fe.  136 
Jusepe.   sole    survivor    of   Humana 's 

expedition,  83 
Justice,  administration  of,  244 

Kearny,  Col.  S.  W..  commands 
"Army  of  the  West."  175;  issues 
proclamation  of  annexation.  176; 
takes  possession  of  Las  Vegas, 
176;  captures  Santa  Fe.  177;  pro- 
claims New  Mexico  a  Territory  of 
U.  S. ;  appoints  Territorial  of- 
ficials. 179 ;  starts  for  California, 
180 

Lalande.  John  Baptiste,  first  Amer- 
ican trader.  159 

Lamv.  Eev.  Juan  B.,  vicar  apostolic, 
202 

Land  grants.  240 

La  Roca  del  Moro  (the  Eock  of  the 
Moor),  guiding  object  of  early 
comers,   253 

Las  Yesas.  captured  by  Kearny.  176 

Lane.  William  Carr,  annexes  disputed 
territory,   193 


Legisl.-iture,  first  lawful  meets,  191; 
first  State,  252 

Lejanza.  (iovernor  Mariano  Marti- 
nez de.  assaulted  by  Yutes,  172 

I>e<)n,  Don  Diego  de  Vargas  Zapata 
Lujan  Ponce  de.  see  V<ir(/(is,  Don 
Diego  de 

Leon.  Pedro  Ponce  de.  85 

Leon,  Ponce  de,  discovers  Florida,  16 

Leon,  Cai)tain  Ponce  de,  defeate<l  by 
Doniphan,   180 

Letrado.  Father,  murdered  by  In- 
dians,  108 

Lomas  v  Calmenares,  Juan  Bautista 
de,  80 

Lopez,  Francisco,  one  of  the  first  mis- 
sionaries. 68;  killed  by  Indians,  71 

Loretto.  Sisters  of,  see  Sisters  of  Lo- 
retto 

Lovato.  Captain,  killed  by  raiders, 
171 

McLeod,  General,  heads  Texas  expe- 
dition, 171 

Madrid.  Captain  Roque  de,  enters 
New  Mexico.  120 

Morete,  Captain  Juan,  arrests  De 
Sosa.  82 

Marquette.  Jacques,  16 

Martinez,  Father  Alonzo.  advises  war 
on  Aeomas,  94 

Martinez.  Rev.  Antonio  Jose,  pub- 
lishes first  newspaper,  166 

Martinez,  Don  Felix,  becomes  acting 
governor.  147 ;  arrests  ^Motrollon, 
147;  removed  by  Valero,  149 

Medizabal,  governor,  removed  for 
malfeasance,  110 

Melgares,  Facundo  M.,  last  of  the 
Spanish  governors,  163 

Memorial  to  Congress,  adopted,   186 

Mendinueta,  Don  Pedro  Fermin  de, 
succeeds  Capuchin,  154;  the  peer 
of  De  Vargas,  155 ;  makes  peace 
with  Comanches,  156;  reports  the 
lamentable  condition  of  New  Mex- 
ico. 156;  leaves  for  Mexico.  158 

Mesa  Prieta.  battle  of,  133;  another 
battle.  135 

Mesilla  Valley,  taken  by  Lane,  193; 


INDEX 


183 


purchaseil  by  Aiiiorifan  govern- 
ment, U)4 

Mexico.  Citv  of,  onteroil  bv  ('oi'tes. 
9 

Michalena,  Don  Knri'iiie  ile  Olavide 
y,   succeeds  Gongora.    151 

Mills,  Gov.,  goes  to  Washington,  24S  ; 
issues  proclamation  for  first  State 
election,  249 

Mining  and  mines,  "207 

Mission,  first,  OS  ;  establisli  headi|nar- 
ters  in  Puaray.  09 ;  deserted  by 
soldiers,  70 

Mogollon,  Don  Juan  Ignacio  Flores, 
succeeds  Penuela,  145;  puts  down 
uprising  of  Indians,  146 ;  resigns, 
140;  arrested  by  Martinez.  147 

Monterey,  viceroy,  85 

Montezuma,  emperor  of  the  Aztecs,  9 

Moro,  see  La  Boca  del  Moro 

Narvaez,  Panfilo  de,  sails  from  Spain 
to  Florida,  23 ;  unable  to  leave 
Florida,  24 ;  wrecked  and  killed,  24 

New  Mexico,  first  visited  by  De 
Vaca,  17;  named,  71;  first  history 
of,  87;  first  colony.  89;  first  cap- 
ital, 90;  lost  to  Spaniards,  112- 
116;  reconquered  by  De  Vargas, 
120-126;  resettlement.  127;  neg- 
lected by  central  government,  156 ; 
consolidated  with  other  provinces, 
158;  trade  established  with  Mis- 
souri, 162;  end  of  Spanish  regime, 
163;  under  Emperor  Iturbide.  164; 
Territory  of  Eepublic  of  Mexico, 
165;  made  a  Department,  166;  last 
election  under  Mexican  rule,  173; 
invaded  by  army  of  U.  S..  175 ; 
under  American  flag,  177;  becomes 
Territory  of  U.  S.;  ceded  by  Mex- 
ico, 183;  first  legislature,  1S4; 
State  officers  ejected,  188;  election 
nullified,  189;  admitted  as  a  Ter- 
ritory, 190  ;  officials  elected,  191 ; 
development  of  industries.  192; 
boundaries  of,  197 ;  patriotism  of, 
198,  200;  schools  of,  208-223; 
public  institutions,  223.  224;  popu- 
lation of,  225,  226 ;  commerce  of, 
227-232;  votes  for  joint  statehood, 


246;  adopts  constitution,  247; 
elects  first  State  officers,  249 

Newport,  Captain,    10 

Xe\vs|)apers,  first  jiublication,  100; 
first  Knglish  and  Spanish,  191  ; 
growth  of,  238 

Niza,  Marcos  de,  visits  Indians,  19; 
explores  Zuni,  31;  sketch  of,  32; 
enters  New  Mexico,  33;  cordially 
received  by  Indians,  35 ;  hears  of 
Cortes  in  California,  30;  reaches 
Vacapa,  37;  reaches  Zuiii,  42;  re- 
turns to  City  of  Mexico,  42;  ac- 
companies Coronado 's  expedition, 
44;  reprimanded  and  sent  back  to 
Mexico,  40 

Obando,  Captain  Francisco  de,  killed 
at  Puaray,  50 

Ojeda.  Alonso  de,  6 

Onate,  Don  Cristoval  de,  lieutenant 
governor,  87 

Oiiate,  Juan  de,  first  visits  New  Mex- 
ico. 19 ;  hears  story  of  Humaiia 
expedition,  83;  sketch  of,  84;  of- 
fers to  conquer  New  Mexico  at 
his  own  expense,  85;  answers 
charges,  86;  his  expedition,  87; 
takes  possession  of  New  Mexico, 
88;  selects  site  for  capital,  90; 
plans  trip  to  Gulf  of  California, 
92  ;  abandons  trip,  93  ;  war  on  Aco- 
mas,  94;  asks  for  reenforcements, 
98;  reprimanded  by  Fathers,  99; 
journey  to  Quivira,  100;  arraigned 
by  Father  Escalon,  101;  defended 
bv  Zaldivar,  102 ;  given  rank  of  no- 
bility and  reenforcements,  102 ; 
visits  Gulf  of  California,  103; 
founds  Santa  Fe,  104;  ceases  to 
be  governor,  104 

Ortiz,  Don  Tomas,  heads  movement 
against  Americans,  181 

Otermin,  Don  Antonio  de,  succeeds 
Miranda.  112;  warned  by  Ye,  113; 
and  by  Jaca,  113;  rejects  Pope's 
ultimatum.  115;  wounded.  110; 
fails  to  reconquer  country,  117 

Padilla.  Fr.  Juan  de,  killed  by  In- 
dians, 07 


184 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


I'oiiiiido,  Fatlicr,  10') 

IVfia.  Fiitlicr,  makes  cliarges  against 
Pefuicla,  14;") 

iVfiiiloza,    jitniTiior,    iinposler,    110 

I'ofiiiola,  Mai(|iiis  de,  siK-ceeds  Val- 
(lez,  144;  liis  administration,  14o; 
removed  and  fined,   145 

Peralta,  Don  Pedro  de,  succeeds 
Onate  as  governor,  104;  despotic 
niler,  105 

Perez,  Don  Albino,  governor,  assas- 
sinated, 167 

Peruvians,  11;  origin  of,  12 

Pike,  Colonel  Zebulon,  arrested  ai;d 
taken  to  Santa  Fe,  160 

Pino,  Pedro  Bautista,  sent  as  dele- 
gate to  Spain,  161 ;  history  cited, 
227 

Political  divisions,  245 

Pope,  Juan,  leader  of  insurrection, 
112;  assault  on  Santa  Fe,  114; 
sends  ultimatum    to   Otermin,   115 

Population,  first  official  census,  189; 
Spanish  and  Mexican  eras,  225; 
under  U.  S.,  226 

Porras,  Father,  murdered  by  In- 
dians, 108 

Posadas,  Pedro  Eeneros  de,  succeeds 
Cruzat,  118 

Press,  the,  238 ;    see  Newspapers 

Price,  Col.  Sterling,  commands  second 
army  of  invasion,  175;  punishes 
insurrectos,  183 

Prince,  L.  B.,  president  State  H's- 
torical   Soc'ety.  236 

Protestant  church,  first  erected  in 
Santa  Fe.  201 

Provincial  Deputation,  organized  in 
Santa  Fe,  165;  becomes  Depart- 
mental  Assembly,    166 

Pueblo   Indians,  205;   see   Indiuns 

Purslej,  James,  second  American  to 
settle  in  Santa  Fe,  160 

Quivira,  see   Gran   Quivira 

Religious  communities.   203 

Rivera,  Captain  Juan  Maria,  discov- 
ers rich  silver  mines  in  Colorado, 
154 

Rodriguez,  Augustin,  19 


Rodriguez,  Agustin  ,  one  of  the  first 
missionaries,  68;  killed  by  In- 
dians,  71 

Rcsas,  Luis,  governor,  107;  assassin- 
ated, 109 

Salmeron,  Cieroninio  Zarate,  histor- 
ian, 105 

Salpointe,  Archbisliop  Juan  B., 
priest  and  author,  20 

Salt  Lake,  discovered  by  Franciscans, 
157 

San  Francisco,  first  capital,  90 

San  (iabricl,  first  colony  in  New  Mex- 
ico. S9 ;  made  first  capital  and 
called  San  Francisco.  90 

San  Miguel,  palace  and  chajjel,  built 
by  Onate,  104 

Santa  Cruz,  refounded,  137 

Santa  Maria,  Juan  de,  one  of  the 
first  missionaries,  68;  kil'ed  by 
Indians,  71 

Santa  Fe,  founded  by  Onate.  104; 
assaulted  by  Indians,  114;  sie^e 
of,  115;  recaptured  by  De  Vargas, 
122;.  formal  possession  taken  by 
De  Vargas,  130;  attacked  by  Te- 
guas,  135;  loss  by  flood.  155;  re- 
bui't  by  Mendinueta.  155;  trade  es- 
tablished with  Missouri.  162; 
American  consulate  established, 
170;  captured  by  Kearny,  177; 
first  legislature  meets,   184 

Santa  Fe  Trail,  dedication  of  monu- 
ment, 239 

Schools,  established,  150;  first  school 
law,  165;  early  schools.  208;  first 
public  schools,  209  ;  private  schools, 
210;  first  public  school  laws,  211; 
private  colleges,  212;  condition  at 
time  of  annexation,  213;  first  un- 
der American  government.  214; 
pioneer  educational  institution, 
215;  Cliristian  Brothers'  collei^^e, 
216;  parochial  and  mission,  217; 
under  U.  S.  government.  218;  gov- 
ernment of,  219;  students  and 
funds,  220,  221 ;  private  and  sec- 
tarian, 222  ;  state  pedagogic  insti- 
tutions, 223 

Senators,  of  U.  S.,  elected,  189;  elec- 


INDEX 


185 


tion    nullified,    ISS);    plootod,   2.12; 

seated,  252 
Seven  Cities    (or  Cibola),  visited  by 

Estevanieo,  38;   by   Niza,   42;    by 

Coronado,  46 
Silva.  Manuel,  governor,  107 
Sisters  of  Loretto,  pioneer  edueatois, 

215 
Smith,  Hugh  C,  selected  delegate  to 

Congress  by  convention,   187 
Soldiers  of  the  Cross,  by  Archbislioii 

Sali>ointe,  20 
Sosa,  Castafio   de,  19;   organizes  ex- 

jiedition,  81  ;  visits  all  the  pueblcs 

of  New  Mexico,  82;  arrested,  82 
Statehood,  Ix'ginning   of   fight,    ISS; 

history  of  struggle,  24(1-248;  battle 

won,  248;  accomplished,  250 
State    institutions,    pedagogic,    223; 

])enal  and  other,  224 
Stock  raising,  growth  of,  lOG 

Taft,  President  William  II.,  assists 
in  passage  of  enabling  act,  247; 
signs  statehood  bill,  248 ;  issues 
proclamation,  250 

Tenochtitlan    (Mexico),  City  of,  9 

Texas,  visited  by  De  Vaca  and  com- 
panions, 25 

Texas,  claims  Xew  Mexico,  171 ;  in- 
vaders arrested,  171 ;  other  raids, 
171 

Tovar.  Pedro  de,  battle  with  In- 
dians, 50 

Trail,  the  Santa  Fe,  see  Santa  Fe 
Trail 

Tupatu,  captain  in  insurrection,  114; 
friend  of  De  Vargas,   123 

Tiirco,  Indian  who  looked  like  Turk, 
53;  charged  with  falsehood,  GO; 
arrested,  61 ;  executed,  63 

United  States,  consulate  established, 
170;   war  with  Mexico,  174;   army 
invades  New  Mexico,  175 
Urdinola,   Francisco   de,  80 
Utah,  admitted  as  Territory,   190 

Vaca,  Alvar  Nunez  Cabeza  de,  first 
white  man  to  cross  American  con- 
tinent,   17;    tells   of    the    Indians, 


18;  sketch  of,  22;  survivor  of  ex- 
pedition of  Narvaez,  24;  becomes 
trader  and  doctor  among  the  In- 
dians, 24;  journey  across  continent, 
25;  friendly  treatment  by  Indians, 
26;  eats  dog  meat,  27;  arrested  by 
De  Alcaraz,  28;  released  l)y  Mei- 
chor  Diaz,  29 ;  reaches  City  of  Mex- 
ico, 29;  sai!s  for  Spain,  29;  aji- 
pointed  governor  of  La  Plata,  29; 
sent  to  Spain  in  chains,  29 

Valdez,  Francisco  CHiervo  y,  succeeds 
De  Vargas,  142;  trips  of  inspec- 
tion, 143;  founds  Alburijuerque, 
144 

Valero,  Marquez  do,  viceroy,  removes 
Martinez,  149 

Vargas,  Don  Diego  de,  sketch  of, 
119;  first  entry,  120;  readies  San- 
ta Fe,  121;  trip  of  inspection, 
124;  reeonquest  completed,  125, 
126;  reports  to  viceroy,  127;  re- 
entry, 128,  129;  takes  formal  ])os- 
session  of  Santa  Fe,  130 ;  hears  of 
Indian  conspiracy,  131;  final  con- 
quest of  Santa  Fe,  132;  jiartitions 
land  among  colonists,  133 ;  pro- 
tects friendly  pueblos,  134;  re- 
founds  settlements,  137;  reports 
country  pacified,  138;  fined  and 
imprisoned,  138;  succeeds  Cubero 
and  given  title  of  Marquis,  141; 
death,  142 

Vargas,  Francisco  Diaz  de,  79 

Velasco,  Father,  warned  by  Ye,  113 

Velasco,  viceroy,  80;  approves 
Onate  's  petition,  85 

Vigil,  Donaciano,  member  first  con- 
vention, 185 ;  apjiointed  secretarv* 
190 

Vigil,  Juan  Bautista,  invites  Kearny 
to  Santa  Fe,  177;  appointed  civil 
governor,   185 

Villagra,  Caspar  de,  first  historian 
of  New  Mexico,  87 

Villamanrique,  viceroy,  80 

Villaneueva,  Fernando  de,  succeeds 
Peiialoza,  111 

Villaseiior,  Don  Jose  Chacon  Medina 
Salazar  y,  see  Penuelu,  Marquis 
de 


186  IliSTOKV  OF  x\K\V  MEXICO 

Viiiin,  Ceran  St.,  arrives  from  United  asoo  of   iiisurroPtion,   IK!;   tells  ol' 

States,   1(5;");  cominaiKls  volunteers,  jiiot  to  De   N'arj^as.   D'.l 

1S;{  ^'s(lI)ete,   Indian  ti"'de,  GO,  Gl 

Wars,    tlie   Civil,    lilS;    Indian,    I'.t'.t;  Zaldivar,    .Iiian    de,    aide-de-canij)    to 

S|ianisliAnHMican,  L'(t()  Onate,   87;    in   charge   of  colonies, 

\Veij,ditni:tn,  Kiciiard,  elected  senator,  9l^ ;    killed  by   Aconias,   93 

189;     first    delegate     to    Congress,  Zaldivar,  Vicente,   chief   sergeant   of 

191  Qnate,    87;    explores  Quivira,   92; 

Wichita    Indians,    the  (!ran    (^nivira,  marches  on  Acoinas,   95;   demands 

G',\  surrender   of   murderers,   9G;    goes 

Wordfield    expedition,    attacks    town  to   Spain,  98;    defends  Onate,    102 

of  Mora,  171  Zotyio.    J'Vlipe,    succeeds   Peralta    as 

governor,   105 

Xave,  calls  Turco  an   imposter,  GO  Zuni,  visited  by  De  Vaea,  26 

Zapata,  Juan  Ortiz,  Jesuit  historian, 

Ye     Juan,    warns   Otennin    and    \'el-  .'56 


V- 


T'  IT. 


^'^\\ 


3  1205  00461    0083 


Y 


DC  SOllTHt  RN  Rl  GIONAL  LIBRARY  I  AGILITY 


AA    000  917  523    3 


